北京六湖泊表层底泥磷吸附容量及潜在释放风险

利用沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DPS)研究了北京前海(QH)、青年湖(QNH)、昆明湖(KMH)、紫竹院湖(ZZYH)、陶然亭湖(TRTH)、红领巾湖(HLJH)表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,分析了沉积物中磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)与其他指标的相关关系,并讨论了不同城市湖泊沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险.结果表明:6湖沉积物的PSI为14.9~83.3 (mg×L)/(100g·μmol),平均值为34.6 (mg×L)/(100g·μmol);DPS为7.97 %~50.5 %,平均值28.9 %,PSI与DPS显著负相关.PSI与草酸铵提取的磷、铝(Pox,Alox)含量均为显著负相关,草酸铵提取的铁(Feox)是影响PSI的主导因素.DPS与沉积物中草酸铵提取的磷(Pox)含量显著正相关,主要受沉积物中原有吸附态磷的影响.此外,磷释放风险指数(ERI)计算结果表明QH、QNH、ZZYH、TRTH中的表层沉积物磷潜在释放诱发富营养化的风险均为高度风险.     

The role of black carbon as a catalyst for environmental redox transformation

Black carbon (BC) is an important class of geosorbents that control the fate and transport of organic pollutants in soil and sediment. We previously demonstrated a new role of BC as an electron transfer mediator in the abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds by Oh and Chiu (Environ Sci Technol 43:6983-6988, 2009). We proposed that BC can catalyze the reduction of nitro compounds because it contains microscopic graphitic (graphene) domains, which facilitate both sorption and electron transfer. In this study, we assessed the ability of different types of BC--graphite, activated carbon, and diesel soot--to mediate the reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) by H(2)S. All three types of BC enhanced DNT and DBP reduction. H(2)S supported BC-mediated reduction, as was observed previously with a thiol reductant. The results suggest that BC may influence the fate of organic pollutants in reducing subsurface environments through redox transformation in addition to sorption.     

Screening on oil-decomposing microorganisms and application in organic waste treatment machine

As an oil-decomposable mixture of two bacteria strains ( Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. ), Y3 was isolated after 50 d domestication under the condition that oil was used as the limited carbon source. The decomposing rate by Y3 was higher than that by each separate individual strain, indicating a synergistic effect of the two bacteria. Under the conditions that T = 25-40℃, pH = 6--8, HRT (Hydraulic retention time) = 36 h and the oil concentration at 0.1%,Y3 yielded the highest decomposing rate of 95.7 %. Y3 was also applied in an organic waste treatment machine and a certain rate of activated bacteria was put into the stuffing. A series of tests including humidity, pH, temperature, C/N rate and oil percentage of the stuffing were carried out to check the efficacy of oil-decomposition. Results showed that the oil content of the stuffing with inoculums was only half of that of the control. Furthermore, the bacteria were also beneficial to maintain the stability of the machine operating. Therefore, the bacteria mixture as well as the machines in this study could be very useful for waste treatment.     

外源硫输入对稻田土壤硒流失的影响

土壤中硒的甲基化可能会导致硒的挥发,加剧土壤硒的流失,而农田土壤硒的缺乏会造成农作物中硒含量偏低.施用硫肥是保障作物增产、增收的一种重要农艺措施,外源硫输入对土壤硒的含量可能产生重要的调控作用.本研究模拟稻田淹水环境,通过添加典型有机硫(甲硫氨酸)和无机硫(硫酸钠),测定硒的挥发量以及土壤中残留的硒含量,以揭示外源硫输...     

Removal of methyl chloroform in a coastal salt marsh of eastern China

The atmospheric burden of methyl chloroform (CH(3)CCl(3)) is still considerable due to its long atmospheric lifetime, although CH(3)CCl(3) emissions have declined considerably since it was included into the Montreal Protocol. Moreover, CH(3)CCl(3) emissions are used to estimate hydroxyl radical (OH) levels, trends, and hemispheric distributions, and thus the mass balance of the trace gas in the atmosphere is critical for characterizing OH concentrations. Salt marshes may be a potential sink for CH(3)CCl(3) due to its anoxic environment and abundant organic matter in sediments. In this study, seasonal dynamics of CH(3)CCl(3) fluxes were measured using static flux chambers from April 2004 to January 2005, along an elevational gradient of a coastal salt marsh in eastern China. To estimate the contribution of higher plants to the gas flux, plant aboveground biomass was experimentally harvested and the flux difference between the treatment and the intact was examined. In addition, the flux was analyzed in relation to soil and weather conditions. Along the elevational gradient, the salt marsh generally acted as a net sink of CH(3)CCl(3) in the growing season (from April to October). The flux of CH(3)CCl(3) ranged between -3.38 and -32.03 nmol m(-2)d(-1) (positive for emission and negative for consumption), and the maximum negative rate occurred at the cordgrass marsh. However, the measurements made during inundation indicated that the mudflat was a net source of CH(3)CCl(3). In the non-growing season (from November to March), the vegetated marsh was a minor source of CH(3)CCl(3) when soil was frozen, the emission rate ranging from 3.43 to 7.77 nmol m(-2)d(-1). However, the mudflat was a minor sink of CH(3)CCl(3) whether it was frozen or not in the non-growing season. Overall, the coastal salt marsh in eastern China was a large sink for the gas, because the magnitude of consumption rate was lager than that of emission, and because the duration of the growing season was longer than that of the non-growing season. Plant aboveground biomass had a great effect on the flux. Comparative analysis showed that the direction and magnitude of the effect of higher plants on the flux of CH(3)CCl(3) depended on timing of sampling vegetation type. In the growing season the plant biomass decreased the gas flux and acted as a large sink of the gas, whereas it presented as a minor source in the non-growing season. However, the mechanism underlying plant uptake process is not clear. The CH(3)CCl(3) flux was positively related to the dissolved salt concentration and organic matter content in soil, as well as light intensity, but it was negatively related to soil temperature, sulfate concentrations, and initial ambient atmospheric concentrations of CH(3)CCl(3). Our observations have important implications for estimation of the tropospheric lifetime of CH(3)CCl(3) and global OH concentration from the global budget concentration of CH(3)CCl(3).     

煤化工行业氮氧化物排放系数研究

通过现场监测和模拟燃烧实验的方法,分别对陕西某煤化工企业中的甲醇、二甲醚、合成氨和尿素工艺过程中的氮氧化物进行监测,并初步核算各煤化工行业氮氧化物的排放系数.结果显示,不同煤化工行业中,煤炭在作为原料利用时氮氧化物排放量不尽相同,其中甲醇行业氮氧化物排放量为153.19~252.43g/h,平均为211.24g/h;二甲醚行业氮氧化物排放量为22.38~52.20g/h,平均为35.39g/h;合成氨行业为246.48~359.65g/h,平均305.94g/h;尿素行业为13.70~26.75g/h,平均19.89g/h.不同行业氮氧化物的排放系数也有所差别,按照单位产品排放量核算时,各行业氮氧化物的排放系数分别为甲醇41.35~88.10g/t-产品、二甲醚62.27~145.25g/t-产品、合成氨213.47~322.43g/t-产品、尿素0.21~0.41g/t-产品,以单位原料煤消耗量核算出的氮氧化物排放系数分别是甲醇30.18~52.86g/t-原料煤、二甲醚22.83~53.26g/t-原料煤、合成氨119.72~172.73g/t-原料煤、尿素为0.14~0.28g/t-原料煤.通过比较可知,煤在作为原料利用时其氮氧化物的排放系数远小于煤的燃烧过程.     

Modeling of Ce（IV） transport through a dispersion flat combined liquid membrane with carrier P507

A mathematical model for the transport of Ce （IV） from hydrochloric acid solutions through dispersion flat combined liquid membrane （DFCLM） with contain 2- ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester （P507） as the carrier, dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution have been studied. This process of facilitated transport, based on membrane technology, is a variation on the conventional technique of solvent extraction and may be described mathematically using Fick＇s second law. The equations for transport velocity are derived considering the diffusion of P507 and its metallic complexes through the liquid membrane. In this work, the system is considered to be in a transient state, and chemical reaction between Ce（IV） and the carrier to take place only at the solvent-aqueous interfaces. Model concentration profiles are obtained for the Ce（IV）, from which extraction velocities are predicted. The experimental and simulated Ce（IV） extractions showed similar tendencies for a high Ce （IV） concentration and acidity case.The model results indicate that high initial Ce（IV） concentrations and acidity both have detrimental effects on Ce（IV） extraction and stripping. The diffusion coefficient of Ce（IV） in the membrane and the thickness of diffusion layer between feed phase and membrane phase are obtained and the values are 6.31 × 10-8m2·s-1 and 31.2 μm, respectively. The results are in good agreement with experimental results.     

Cytotoxic and proinflammatory response of RAW 264.7 cells to differentially fractionated fungal fragments

Although significant research has been carried out for studying the impacts of pure mycotoxins on human cell, little information is known about the direct effects of fungal submicron particles. In this report, murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to fungal extracts from Stachybotrys chartarum RTI 5802 and Aspergillus versicolor RTI 3843 as well as mixtures from both fungi with fragment sizes ranging from 0.25 to 1?µm. Cell viability was found to be unaffected by all extracts except fragments in the 0.5–1?µm size range from A. versicolor RTI 3843, which decreased cell viability by approximately 60%. IL-1β expression was generally upregulated following exposure to fungal extracts from either S. chartarum RTI 5802 or A. versicolor RTI 3843. However, when extracts from the mixture of both fungi were introduced, IL-1β expression was downregulated. IL-6 and IL-10 expression were also generally upregulated. In comparison to the findings in the literature about the effects of pure mycotoxins on RAW 264.7 cells, the results presented herein show different patterns on mRNA expression which may be a result of the complex composition of the extract in terms of both mycotoxins and other fungal materials in addition to the potential interplay of the different components.     

基于光纤光栅和小波包分析的结构损伤探测

以光纤光栅为传感元件、小波包分析为信号提取工具,获取了智能材料四边简支板损伤前、后的动态应变信号检测方法,并采用耦合神经网络方法对智能材料四边简支板结构进行了损伤识别分析。结果表明,光纤光栅可非常灵敏地检测出智能材料内部的动态应变信号,小波包信号处理方法可获得大量反映结构损伤特征的有效信号;随着损伤孔径的增大,耦合神经网络损伤识别的精度提高,可得到损伤的位置和大小的信息。研究结果在大型工程结构的健康监测中具有重要的潜在应用价值。     

太湖湖滨带底泥氮、磷、有机质分布与污染评价

采集了环太湖湖滨带表层(0~10cm)底泥,研究分析了湖滨带底泥中有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的空间分布特征,并对太湖湖滨带底泥进行营养评价.结果表明,湖滨带底泥中OM含量在1.42%~9.96%之间,空间分布趋势为:东太湖>竺山湾>贡湖>梅梁湾>南部沿岸>东部沿岸>西部沿岸; TN含量在458~5211mg/kg之间,空间变化趋势为东太湖>竺山湾>东部沿岸>贡湖>南部沿岸>梅梁湾>西部沿岸; TP含量在128.56~1392.16mg/kg之间,空间变化趋势为竺山湾>梅梁湾>东太湖>南部沿岸>贡湖>东部沿岸>西部沿岸,OM与TN分布趋势相似,TN与OM之间极显著正相关(r = 0.903, P<0.01),TP与OM之间弱相关(r = 0.073, P<0.332).结合综合污染指数和有机指数评价法可知,太湖湖滨带底泥环境质量整体较好,氮、磷污染除东太湖和竺山湾属重度污染外其他各区属轻中度污染;有机污染除东太湖外大部分区域属较清洁区.