汶川地震产生的应变场和位移场

2008年5月12日汶川地震明显改变了区域地震的应变场.理解这种应变场的改变对周围断层构造加载进程和区域地震危险性的改变非常重要.本研究以汶川地震的破裂为驱动源,计算了该地震在近处造成的位移场和应变场.结果表明:该地震使得水平位移场断层南端的近乎东向运动逐渐转变为断层北端的东北向运动.震源附近有米级的位移量级.垂直分量与该地震的震源机制一致,西北盘上升、东南盘下降.断层附近的最大剪应变达3.2e-5,并随距断层的距离很快衰减.平均应变显示断层南部和中部主要表现为压缩,北部表现为拉张.     

Sequestration of toxic Pb(Ⅱ) ions by chemically treated rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) leaf powder

Rubber leaf powder(an agricultural waste) was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its performance in the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution was evaluated.The interactions between Pb(Ⅱ) ions and functional groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDX).The effects of several important parameters which can affect adsorption capacity such as pH,adsorbent dosage,initial lead concentration and contact time were studied.The optimum pH range for lead adsorption was 4-5.Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g,almost 100% of Pb(Ⅱ) ions(23 mg/L) could be removed.The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time,and relatively a short period of time(60-90 min) was required to reach equilibrium.The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir,Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms.Based on Langmuir model,the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g.Three kinetic models including pseudo first-order,pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process,and the results showed that the pseudo second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99.     

基于HAZOP的保护层分析技术研究

介绍了“基于HAZOP的保护层分析技术”的工艺安全管理新模式。在此基础上,利用该方法对水煤浆气化装置进行了分析,识别出了装置存在的重大工艺危险,提出对策建议,对整个装置重大工艺安全事故的预防提供了有力的技术支持。     

大型原油储库自动消防系统组成及结构原理

大型原油储库自动消防系统由前端报警设备、自控系统、工业电视监控系统、泡沫发生系统和执行机构等5部分组成,对5个组成部分的原理进行了简要描述。     

实施HAZOP分析控制重大工艺安全事故(Ⅱ)

分析了在中国实施危险与可操作性分析（Hazard and Operability,HAZOP）技术的可行性,提出了推广建议。     

煤矸石堆放场周围玉米作物中苯并(a)芘污染特征

以焦作矿区演马矿煤矸石堆放场周围农田玉米为研究对象,对玉米中苯并(a)芘污染特征进行了分析研究.在矸石堆周围布设三条采样线采集玉米样品,玉米样品经提取、浓缩、净化处理后采用高效液相色谱(HPLc)法对其中苯并(a)芘含量进行检测分析.结果表明,研究区玉米作物叶子中苯并(a)芘污染水平较高,达46.7%,茎和籽均未出现苯并(a)芘污染现象,且玉米各部位苯并(a)芘含量与距矸石堆距离呈反比.进一步指出矿区企业应加强对周围环境生态的预防保护,以确保企业的可持续发展.     

典型生态功能区臭氧生成敏感性及气象驱动力解析——以千岛湖地区为例

千岛湖地区是我国重要的自然保护区,属于典型生态功能区。当前,臭氧(O₃)正频繁成为影响千岛湖地区空气质量的首要污染物,但对于与此相关的千岛湖地区O₃生成敏感性,研究人员目前仍未了解清楚。利用2019—2021年TROPOMI卫星观测数据,运用O₃生成敏感性指示剂方法,即甲醛对流层垂直柱浓度和二氧化氮对流层垂直柱浓度的比值(FNR),量化解析了千岛湖地区O₃生成敏感区的时空演化特征。结果表明,千岛湖地区FNR呈现逐年升高趋势,且显著高于杭州市主城区。千岛湖地区氮氧化物(NO_x)控制区逐年扩张,自2019年开始,由西南向东北逐步蔓延。截至2021年,NO_x控制区已基本覆盖整个千岛湖地区。千岛湖地区O₃生成敏感区在夏季基本属于NO_x控制区,在其他季节属于NO_x控制区或协同控制区。结合气象再分析数据发现,FNR与温度呈强正相关(r=0.8),与相对湿度呈较弱正相关,与风速和云液态水含量呈较弱负相关。当温度大于7.0 ℃、风速小于6.2 m/s、云液态水含量小于5.5×10^-5 g/m³、相对湿度大于57.5%时,O₃生成趋向于受NO_x控制。此外,与杭州市相比,千岛湖地区O₃生成对气象参数变化更为敏感。研究成果对我国典型生态功能区O₃污染防控具有重要的启示作用。     

磷输入对沼泽湿地小叶章枯落物分解过程酶活性的影响

在三江平原沼泽湿地布置外源磷输入小区,选取典型湿地植物小叶章Calamagrostis angustifolia枯落物为研究对象,采用分解袋法,研究了不同梯度外源磷输入(CK:0;P1:1.2 g·m-2·a-1;P2:4.8 g·m-2·a-1;P3:9.6 g·m-2·a-1)对小叶章枯落物分解过程中酶活性的影响.结果表明,在小叶章枯落物分解前期,低磷输入(P1)抑制了蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,继续分解的过程中则极显著促进了二者的酶活性(P<0.01),而低磷输入对淀粉酶活性的影响则与之相反;中磷输入(P2)在小叶章枯落物分解的整个过程都促进了蔗糖酶和淀粉酶的活性,对脲酶活性除在分解65 d时有抑制,其他时期均提高了其酶活性;高磷输入(P3)均提高了枯落物分解后期的蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,其对淀粉酶活性的影响无明显规律;3种磷输入均显著抑制了酸性磷酸酶活性(P<0.01).     

β-环糊精包埋纳米零价铁对Cd~(2+)的去除性能研究

为提高纳米Fe0的稳定性,以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,以β-环糊精为原料对纳米Fe0进行包埋。考察了碱度、交联剂用量对聚合物交联度的影响,对比研究了30%、40%Na OH介质对包埋纳米Fe0去除Cd2+反应活性的影响。利用SEM、TGA对包埋材料的表面形态及热稳定性进行了分析。实验结果表明:40%Na OH介质中交联包埋的纳米Fe0具有更高的反应活性;当Cd2+浓度为100 mg/L时,投加包埋材料3.0 g,反应150 min,Cd2+去除率可达98.9%;于空气中放置1个月,其对Cd2+去除率仍可达90.5%。     

Application of geographic information system technique and analytical hierarchy process model for land-use suitability analysis on coastal area

Land-use suitability is the ability of a given type of land to support a defined use. GIS is known as a powerful tool for handling spatial data in land-use analysis. Application of this tool alone cannot overcome the lack of consistency in opinions given by experts when trying to assign relative importance to each of the several criteria considered in a suitability analysis. The combination of GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a powerful approach used to assess land suitability. To address this issue, the Analytical Hierarchy Process method is used in combination with the GIS tool. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how GIS tools and AHP model can be used for integrated coastal resource planning and management. Based on the information from final map/suitability map, we can define the best area. The findings indicate that the area 1 (2111 m) from class 3 is the most appropriate one because it has good facilities and wide open areas. This study indicates how the integrated tool is handled effectively in a land use suitability analysis for building hotels in the coastal areas of Terengganu in Malaysia. This research develops a framework for integrating GIS and AHP to incorporate the decision maker’s preferences on a range of factors in finding land areas suitable for coastal development.