柠檬酸浸出土壤中铜、锌的优化设计

以某工业废弃地土壤为供试材料,采用批次实验方法,研究了柠檬酸对重金属Cu、Zn的浸出效果。并在单因素实验基础上,探讨不同pH值、柠檬酸浓度、固液比和浸提时间等对浸出效果的影响,进而对实验条件进行正交优化组合,确定优化工艺参数为：pH值为3.2,柠檬酸浓度为0.4 mol/L,壤土固液比为1/10,土壤中Cu、Zn接近平衡的时间分别为1 h和1.5 h。结果表明,在此条件下,对这2种金属来说,Cu较Zn易释放,Cu、Zn的最大浸出率分别为74.8%和65.3%。柠檬酸浸提前后,土壤中有机质含量下降范围为0.61%~3.16%。单从土壤有机质含量来看,柠檬酸对土壤质量影响较小,具有较好的应用前景。     

Occurrence and fate of PPCPs and correlations with water quality parameters in urban riverine waters of the Pearl River Delta, South China

The occurrence and fate of eight PPCPs was studied in river waters from upstream to downstream of the three rivers in the Pearl River Delta, China. The correlations of PPCP levels and water quality parameters were also investigated. The analytes of the highest concentrations were caffeine, acetaminophen, and ciprofloxacin. Carbamazepine and erythromycin-H₂O were detected at the lowest concentrations. The highest concentrations of PPCPs were found in the Shijing River, with 865 ng/L caffeine, 339 ng/L acetaminophen, and 304 ng/L ciprofloxacin. In general, the levels of PPCPs in the Zhujiang River were higher at sites where the metropolitan city Guangzhou is located and decreased from the epicenter along the river. Low levels of PPCPs were generally found in the Beijiang River. Positive correlations were found between PPCP levels, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and cumulative fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) volume. Among the four PPCPs evaluated (caffeine, acetaminophen, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole), caffeine had the best correlations with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.62 to 0.98. The prediction of PPCP concentrations at specified locations can be substantially simplified.     

碘掺杂TiO2可见光光催化性能研究

在低于100℃温度条件下,采用溶胶-凝胶法以钛酸正丁酯为钛源,碘酸钾为碘源,制备了I掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂(I-TiO2),运用X-射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)及X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,TiO2及I-TiO2催化剂均为锐钛矿,I吸附并包裹在TiO2表面或以间隙进入的形式存在,并未进入TiO2晶格。通过在可见光照射下(λ>420 nm)以罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)的光催化降解为探针反应研究了在不同条件下制备催化剂的催化性能,结果表明,掺杂比为nI:nTi=0.05∶1,焙烧温度为400℃,降解介质条件pH=7时,I-TiO2光催化活性明显优于未掺杂的TiO2。光催化降解过程通过红外光谱(IR),总有机碳(TOC)跟踪测定,比较了TiO2掺杂前后降解RhB和对氯苯酚(4-CP)的光催化特性差异;同时采用苯甲酸荧光光度法跟踪测定体系中的氧化物种,表明在可见光下,I-TiO2光催化体系中产生.OH高活性氧化物种从而氧化降解目标化合物。     

低曝气下PAC强化SBR工艺同步脱氮除磷

采用序批式反应器(SBR)处理模拟生活污水,研究不同曝气量(30、24、18和12 L/h)下活性污泥同步脱氮除磷规律,并在最佳曝气量下,比较了粉末活性炭-序批式反应器(PAC-SBR)和SBR的脱氮除磷效率,分析了低曝气下PAC-SBR的运行特性和优越性。实验结果表明,当曝气量为24 L/h时,SBR内出水效果较好,其COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别可以达到90.02%、81.13%和88.12%。在这个最佳曝气量下,PAC-SBR具有明显的优势,其COD、TN和TP的平均去除率均高于SBR,并且PAC-SBR具有较好的污泥沉降性能和较高的活性污泥浓度。在PAC-SBR中,活性污泥以PAC作为微生物载体强化了生物降解效果,并改善了低曝气下污泥絮体的结构,促使反应器内先后形成缺氧-厌氧-微氧/缺氧-缺氧的环境,利于同步硝化反硝化和反硝化聚磷,提高了PAC-SBR的同步脱氮除磷效率。     

粉煤灰沸石负载Ce^3＋／TiO2光催化降解水中的菲和荧蒽

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,粉煤灰合成沸石为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶方法,在低温条件下制备了稀土铈掺杂的TiO2光催化剂。利用SEM—EDS、XRD、FTIR对催化剂进行了分析和表征。以高压汞灯为灯源,对多环芳烃菲、荧蒽的降解进行了研究。实验考查了稀土铈掺杂质量分数、催化剂用量、溶液pH、目标物初始质量浓度等因素对光催化降解的影响,研究了其光降解动力学。结果表明,当稀土铈含量为0．5％,催化剂用量为3g／L,pH偏碱性时,催化效果最佳。光催化反应符合Langmuir—Hinshelwood动力学规律,菲、荧蒽的降解过程符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数分别为0．0126min^-1,0．0099min^-1。     

Accumulation, transformation, and release of inorganic arsenic by the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Arsenic (As) as a major hazardous metalloid was affected by phytoplankton in many aquatic environments. The toxic dominant algae Microcystis aeruginosa was exposed to different concentrations of inorganic arsenic (arsenate or arsenite) for 15 days in BG11 culture media. Arsenic accumulation, toxicity, and speciation in M. aeruginos as well as the changes of As species in media were examined. M. aeruginosa has a general well tolerance to arsenate and a definite sensitivity to arsenite. Additionally, arsenate actively elevated As methylation by the algae but arsenite definitely inhibited it. Interestingly, the uptake of arsenite was more pronounced than that of arsenate, and it was correlated to the toxicity. Arsenate was the predominant species in both cells and their growth media after 15 days of exposure to arsenate or arsenite. However, the amount of the methylated As species in cells was limited and insignificantly affected by the external As concentrations. Upon uptake of the inorganic arsenic, significant quantities of arsenate as well as small amounts of arsenite, DMA, and MMA were produced by the algae and, in turn, released back into the growth media. Bio-oxidation was the first and primary process and methylation was the minor process for arsenite exposures, while bioreduction and the subsequent methylation were the primary metabolisms for arsenate exposures. Arsenic bioaccumulation and transformation by M. aeruginosa in aquatic environment should be paid more attention during a period of eutrophication.     

氟化工建设项目清洁生产评价

针对某大型氟化工项目,从氟化工产业链的发展、清洁生产控制指标、持续清洁生产等方面分析评价了该企业所采取的清洁生产措施。指出企业在以后的生产过程中应密切关注产品生产新工艺的进展,研究对原有工艺参数的优化,完善环境管理制度,不断探索先进的管理经验,从源头消减污染物的产生量,提高企业经济效益。     

混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透集成技术处理钒冶炼废水

针对在"低钠焙烧水浸提取偏钒酸钠-离子交换树脂提纯-氯化铵沉钒"生产钒工艺下产生的废水的高盐度,可生化性差,使用传统的方法难以达到排放标准等特点,提出了"混凝-砂滤-活性炭过滤-微滤-反渗透"集成技术处理钒冶炼废水。考察了混凝沉淀的最佳条件,同时重点探讨了操作压力、运行时间和pH等操作参数对膜运行效果的影响。反渗透出水的COD为20.7 mg/L,Cl-为176 mg/L,电导率为387μS/cm,除盐率达到99.4%,总铬、六价铬和总钒等重金属的去除率都达到99%以上,远远低于国家规定的排放标准,该出水能回用于大部分生产工序;浓缩液也能回用于成球工艺和烟气处理工序,实现了钒冶炼废水的零排放。具有比较可观的经济价值和广阔的应用前景。     

天然矿物组合材料渗透反应墙修复地下水镉污染

实验模拟地下环境,以天然矿物材料石灰石、海泡石和膨润土作为可渗透反应墙(PRB)填充材料,采用正交实验法设计了16种可渗透反应器,研究了天然矿物组合材料组配对污染地下水模拟液中镉污染的修复效果、出水pH、有效孔隙度和渗透系数的影响,同时对机理进行了分析。实验结果显示,组合材料对镉去除率达99.8%以上,石灰石对处理效果贡献最大,增加石灰石用量,处理效果明显改善,当石灰石含量为10%及更高时,对含镉1.0 mg/L的污染地下水模拟液处理后镉浓度低于0.7μg/L,达到地下水质量标准GB/T 14848-93规定的II类水质标准;石灰石用量的增加对渗透系数影响不大,但出水pH呈弱碱性(7pH9),随反应时间延长逐渐降低并稳定于8。增加海泡石和膨润土用量对处理效果改善作用不大,但显著降低体系渗透系数,影响透水性。以正交实验直观分析法计算得到修复效果最优的PRB填充材料组配为石灰石/海泡石/膨润土=20/10/2(质量分数)。     

高铁酸钾预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用自制高纯度高铁酸钾预处理危废填埋场和垃圾焚烧厂的垃圾渗滤液,探讨和分析了处理效果。正交实验表明,高铁酸钾预处理危废填埋场渗滤液COD的最佳条件为:高铁酸钾与COD的初始质量浓度比为0.5、渗滤液初始pH值4.00、反应温度30℃、反应时间40 min,此时COD去除率达71.51%。此最佳条件下高铁酸钾对不同类型垃圾渗滤液的色度、SS、COD、BOD5、氨氮、总磷、重金属离子等污染因子都具有良好的去除效果,危废填埋场渗滤液经高铁酸钾预处理后可以直接进入后续生化处理系统;垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液预处理后其COD为2 861.0 mg/L,经二次预处理也可进入生化处理系统。实验结果表明,高铁酸钾对不同类型垃圾渗滤液都具有良好的预处理效果。