石煤暴露环境发氟分布规律及影响因子

为了探明石煤暴露环境中发氟含量的分布规律及影响因子,结合病情调查,采集发样进行元素含量测定.结果表明,石煤暴露环境发氟含量个体差异显著,呈非正态分布,平均值为67.08±64.68μg/g,变异系数为96.42%;发氟含量同Ca、Mn、Se的含量呈显著正相关,同Ti含量呈显著负相关;因子分析显示发氟含量分布除受体内生化反应控制外,与表生地球化学环境、膳食结构以及饮用水的水质等因子也密切相关.     

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables

It is an important approach to use the Cd-contaminated soils properly by growing low accumulator or excluder plants for Cd to produce safe foods. To find the suitable vegetable species for growing in Cd-contaminated soils, in the present study the variations in the Cd accumulation for twenty eight vegetable species and several cultivars of five common vegetables (cowpea, kidney pea, bitter gourd, cucumber and squash) were investigated in two soil Cd levels (1 and 2 mg/kg Cd). Experimental results showed that highly significant differences in Cd concentration were evident among 28 vegetables. For example, spinach Cd concentrations were 110-fold and 175-fold higher than that of sweet pea under the 1 and 2 mg/kg Cd exposures, respectively. For Cd accumulation, the order of vegetable species was: leafy vegetables solanaceous vegetables kale vegetables root vegetables allimus melon vegetables legumes. Distinctive differences were also identified when comparing different cultivars of the five common vegetables with an average range of 0.003–0.094 mg/kg Cd. Our results indicated that a large genotypic variation existed among vegetable species or cultivars when subjected to Cd exposure. Therefore, it is important and feasible to elect/breed vegetable species/cultivars with low accumulation of Cd, especially in mildly Cd-contaminated soils.     

Removal of nitric oxide from simulated flue gas via denitrification in a hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor

A hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor(HMBR) was studied for its ability to treat nitric oxide(NO) from simulated flue gas. The HMBR was operated for 9 months and showed a maximum elimination capacity of 702 mg NO/(m2·day) with a removal efciency of 86%(gas residence time of 30 sec, inlet NO concentration of 2680 mg/m3, pH 8). Varying operation parameters were tested to determine the stability and response of the HMBR. Both the inlet NO concentration and gas residence time influenced the removal of NO in the HMBR. NO elimination capacity increased with an increase in inlet NO concentration or a shortening of gas residence time. Higher removal efciency of NO was obtained at a longer gas residence time or a lower inlet NO concentration. Microbial communities of the HMBR were sensitive to the variation in pH value and alkalescence corresponding to an optimum pH value of 8. In addition, NO elimination capacity and removal efciency were inversely proportional to the inlet oxygen concentration. Sulfur dioxide had no great influence on elimination capacity and removal efciency of NO. Product analysis was performed to study N2O and N2 production and confirmed that the majority of the microorganisms were denitrifying bacteria in the HMBR. Compared to other bioreactors treating NO, this study showed that the denitrifying HMBR was a good option for the removal of NO.     

优势菌处理印染废水中水解池的脱色机理

对采用投优势菌群的水解（酸化）-好氧工艺,已稳定运行3年以上的印染废水处理工程的水解池进行菌种的分离、鉴定;对分离得到的10株纯菌进行单株及10株混合菌群的脱色能力、脱色条件试验。结果表明,在数量及脱色能力上,运行前投入的主要用于脱色的分属于假单胞菌属、气单胞菌属、红螺菌属的菌株仍占优势;混合菌群的脱色能力优于单株菌,对温度、pH值的适应能力更强,脱色时间更短;菌群的最佳脱色温度是30℃,pH值为9。     

典型场地四氯化碳污染的健康风险评价

以华北某污染场地为研究区域,采集了场地内大气、土壤、地表水和地下水4个类别共196个样品.分析了25项挥发性有机物在不同区域的分布特征,探讨了超标污染物的污染来源,最后,应用美国环保局的健康风险评价方法,对场地超标污染物进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,场地超标污染物仅为四氯化碳;主要赋存于地下水中,其污染晕的平面分布与地...     

Reactor characterization and primary application of a state of art dual-reactor chamber in the investigation of atmospheric photochemical processes

Increasing attention has been paid to the air pollution more recently. Smog chamber has been proved as a necessary and effective tool to study atmospheric processes, including photochemical smog and haze formation. A novel smog chamber was designed to study the atmospheric photochemical reaction mechanism of typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as the aging of aerosols. The smog chamber system includes an enclosure equipped with black lights as the light source, two parallel reactors (2 m³ of each) with separate control of light source and temperature, with a series of coupled instruments for online monitoring of gas phase and particle phase reactants and products. Chamber characterization, including air source stability, effective light intensity, temperature stability, as well as gas phase and particle phase wall losses, were carried out before further research. The results showed that our smog chamber systems developed by other domestic and international groups. It was also observed that the wall loss of aromatic VOCs varied with different functional groups as well as the isomerism. The results of preliminary simulation experiment from styrene-NO_x demonstrated that the chamber can be well utilized to simulate gas-particle conversion progresses in the atmosphere.     

Preparation and characterization of PVDF-glass fiber composite membrane reinforced by interfacial UV-grafting copolymerization

A novel inorganic–organic composite membrane,namely poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF-glass fiber(PGF) composite membrane,was prepared and reinforced by interfacial ultraviolet(UV)-grafting copolymerization to improve the interfacial bonding strength between the membrane layer and the glass fiber.The interfacial polymerization between inorganic–organic interfaces is a chemical cross-linking reaction that depends on the functionalized glass fiber with silane coupling(KH570) as the initiator and the polymer solution with acrylamide monomer(AM) as the grafting block.The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer-attenuated total reflectance(FTIR-ATR) spectra and the energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) pictures of the interface between the glass fiber and polymer matrix confirmed that the AM was grafted to the surface of the glass fiber fabric and that the grafting polymer was successfully embedded in the membrane matrix.The formation mechanisms,permeation,and anti-fouling performance of the PGF composite membrane were measured with different amounts of AM in the doping solutions.The results showed that the grafting composite membrane improved the interfacial bonding strength and permeability,and the peeling strength was improved by 32.6% for PGF composite membranes with an AM concentration at 2 wt.%.     

氧化钙燃烧固硫添加剂的研究

在寻找钙基燃烧固硫加剂，并探讨其机理的试验中，研究了碱金属化合物在不同含量，不同温度下对氧化钙固硫率的影响，试验结果表明，一些碱金属化合物能使固硫率增加约１０个百分点左右，采用ＳＥＭ和热天平分析了固硫率提高的原因，提出碱金属化合物提高固硫率的机理在于：低熔点液相共熔物的形成导致ＣａＯ微观结构的改变。     

2015-2019年成渝城市群臭氧浓度时空变化特征及人口暴露风险评价

近年来O₃污染给人类健康带来了很大威胁.本文利用2015—2019年中国环境监测总站的O₃地表监测数据,通过Global Moran''s I和Getis-Ord G^*指数等方法,分析了成渝城市群O₃浓度的时空变化特征,并利用空间插值和LandScan人口格网分布数据,基于人口暴露风险模型对该地区的O₃人口暴露风险进行了评价.结果表明：①2015—2019年成渝城市群O₃浓度总超标比例为6.9%,年际变化呈先上升后下降趋势,逐月变化呈"双峰型",5月和8月达到峰值,12月最低,季节变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,日变化呈"单峰型",8：30左右开始升高,16：00左右达到峰值;②2015—2019年成渝城市群O₃浓度呈现出由成都及周边城市为污染中心向以成都市和重庆市为首尾的"带状"污染空间格局发展的趋势,且空间自相关性较强,逐步形成以成都市和重庆市为双中心的高浓度集聚特征;③2015—2019年成渝城市群平均O₃人口暴露风险指数处于较低风险,但空间分布差异较大,人口暴露高风险地区主要集中于成都市、内江市、自贡市、德阳市、泸州市北部及重庆市主城区,低风险地区主要集中于东西片区、绵阳市北部及成渝城市群边界,中部高风险区域有向西南方向转移的趋势,重庆市南部有高风险向极高风险转化的趋势,同时,成都市和重庆市存在显著的高风险指数集聚特征.     

基于地理探测器的湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价

湖南地区是长江中游新石器时期文化发源地之一,为了更有效地了解新石器时期的人地关系,以高程、坡度、坡向、水体、地貌、土壤和植被类型这7个指标构建新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境模糊指数综合评价体系,运用地理探测器的因子探测法确定各要素的权重,在ArcGIS中将各因子的权重值进行加权叠加和综合等级类型分类,最终得到湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价结果:宜居度中等以上的区域面积最大,总面积为18.59万km2,占湖南省总面积的87.77％;水体权重值占比最高;古人偏爱聚水而居,且集中分布在洞庭湖区域,湘、资、沅、澧周边沿干流分布或在河流的交汇区域分布;适宜度等级较高的遗址类型偏向于丘陵型、台地型和平原型;宜居度中等及以上的遗址多分布在地形较低、朝南、微斜坡、地貌、土壤和植被类型最为丰富的区域.本文可为今后史前聚落遗址分布与自然环境分析提供借鉴意义.