生态城市建设的理论探讨

生态城市是联合国教科文组织发起的“人与生物圈（MAB）”计划研究过程中提出的一个概念,是城市生态化发展的结果;是社会和谐、经济高效、生态良性循环的人类居住形式,是自然、城市与人融合为一个有机整体所形成的互惠共生结构。生态城市既要能保证城市持续增长,更要保证城市发展的质量,既要满足城市发展对资源环境的需求,更要满足居民的基本需求,应做到环境清洁优美,生活健康舒适。生态城市应该是结构合理,功能高效和关系协调的城市生态系统。建设生态城市,必须进行观念创新。生态城市建设的研究对象要从以物和事为中心转向以人为中心,培育和贯彻“人和自然协调与和谐”的观念。     

Application of polyacrylamide to reduce phosphorus losses from a Chinese purple soil: A laboratory and field investigation

Use of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to control phosphorus (P) losses from a Chinese purple soil was studied in both a laboratory soil column experiment and a field plot experiment on a steep slope (27%). Treatments in the column study were a control, and PAM mixed uniformly into the soil at rates of 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.20%. We found that PAM had an important inhibitory effect on vertical P transport in the soil columns, with the 0.20% PAM treatment having the greatest significant reduction in leachate soluble P concentrations and losses resulting from nine leaching periods. Field experiments were conducted on 5 m wide by 21 m long natural rainfall plots, that allowed collection of both surface runoff and subsurface drainage water. Wheat was planted and grown on all plots with typical fertilizer applied. Treatments included a control, dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha^?1, dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha^?1 applied together with lime (CaCO₃ at 4.9 t ha^?1), and dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha^?1 applied together with gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O at 4 t ha^?1). Results from the field plot experiment in which 5 rainfall events resulted in measurable runoff and leachate showed that all PAM treatments significantly reduced runoff volume and total P losses in surface runoff compared to the control. The PAM treatments also all significantly reduced water volume leached to the tile drain. However, total P losses in the leachate water were not significantly different due to the treatments, perhaps due to the low PAM soil surface application rate and/or high experimental variability. The PAM alone treatment resulted in the greatest wheat growth as indicated by the plant growth indexes of wheat plant height, leaf length, leaf width, grain number per head, and dried grain mass. Growth indexes of the PAM with Calcium treatments were significantly lesser. These results indicate that the selection and use of soil amendments need to be carefully determined based upon the most important management goal at a particular site (runoff/nutrient loss control, enhanced plant growth, or a combination).     

Chemical speciation and extractability of Zn,Cu and Cd in two contrasting biosolids-amended clay soils

An incubation experiment was conducted to study the chemical speciation and extractability of three heavy metals in two contrasting biosolids-amended clay soils. One was a paddy soil of pH 7.8 and the other was a red soil of pH 4.7 collected from a fallow field. Anaerobically digested biosolids were mixed with each of the two soils at three rates: 20, 40 and 60 g kg(-1) soil (DM basis), and unamended controls were also prepared. The biosolids-amended and control soils were incubated at 70% of water holding capacity at 25 degrees C for 50 days. Separate subsamples were extracted with three single extractants and a three-step sequential extraction procedure representing acetic acid (HOAc)-soluble, reducible and oxidisable fractions to investigate the extractability and speciation of the heavy metals. As would be expected, there were good relationships between biosolids application rate and metal concentrations in the biosolids-amended soils. The three heavy metals had different extractabilities and chemical speciation in the two biosolids-amended soils. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid extracted more Cu, Zn and Cd than did the other two single extractants. The oxidisable fraction was the major fraction for Cu in both biosolids-amended soils and the HOAc-soluble and reducible fractions accounted for most of the Zn. In contrast, Cd was present mainly in the reducible fraction. The results are discussed in relation to the mobility and bioavailability of the metals in polluted soils.     

寨上金矿矿区河流沉积物中砷的形态分析

在野外调查和样品采集的基础上,对寨上金矿矿区河流沉积物中砷的质量分数进行了测定,并采用Tessier连续提取法对砷在沉积物中的存在形态进行了提取分析。结果表明,砷在该区水系沉积物中质量分数较高（55.0~189.0μg.g-1）,说明金矿的开采已经对该区的环境造成了影响。运用Tessier连续提取法研究发现,沉积物样品中砷的提取率为89.87%~110.54%,样品沉积物中砷的形态分布基本一致,以残渣态为主,占其总量的85%以上,其他各形态相对含量较少,但相对活泼形态（水溶态、离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态）绝对质量分数较高（2.029~4.942μg.g-1）,说明该区水系沉积物中大部分砷在自然条件下相对比较稳定,小部分砷（1.10%~5.55%）易释放至环境中,但由于其绝对质量分数较高,将对环境产生较大危害。     

ABR-SBR工艺处理高浓度纤维板有机有毒废水

从工程实例介绍折排流式厌氧反应器 (ABR)工艺与间歇式活性污泥反应器 (SBR)工艺在处理干法纤维板废水处理中的应用 ,从中可以看出 ,ABR与SBR在处理高浓度有毒有机废水方面具有很好的应用前景     

Associations between co-exposure to multiple metals and renal function: a cross-sectional study in Guangxi,China

The association between co-exposure to multiple metals and renal function is poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the individual and joint effects of metal exposure on renal function in this study. We performed a cross-sectional study including 5828 participants in Guangxi, China, in 2019. Urine concentrations of 17 metals were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were applied to investigate the association of individual metal exposure with renal dysfunction. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to assess the co-exposure effects of the metals. Participants with the highest quartile of urinary Cu were at 1.84-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20–2.87) increased risk of renal dysfunction compared with the lowest quartile. The highest quartiles of urinary Sr, Cs, V, Ba, and Se were associated with 0.27-fold (95% CI: 0.17–0.43), 0.33 (95% CI: 0.19–0.53), 0.41 (95% CI: 0.25–0.65), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.36–0.90), and 0.33 (95% CI: 0.19–0.56) decreased risk of renal dysfunction compared with their lowest quartile, respectively. Furthermore, urinary Ba and Cu were non-linearly correlated with renal dysfunction. The WQS analysis showed that mixed metal exposure was inversely associated with renal dysfunction (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35–0.62), and Sr accounted for the largest weight (52.2%), followed by Cs (32.3%) in the association. Moreover, we observed a potential interaction between Cu, Cs, and Ba for renal dysfunction in BKMR model. Exposure to Se, Sr, Cs, V, and Ba is associated with decreased risk of renal dysfunction, whereas an increased risk is associated with Cu exposure. Co-exposure to these metals is negatively associated with renal dysfunction, and Sr and Cs are the main contributors to the associations.

     

Transformation of sewage sludge into activated carbon by molten salt synthesis for adsorption of CO2 and dyes

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Wastewater treatment generates increasing amounts of unwanted sewage sludges, calling for advanced recycling methods. Here, we transformed sewage sludge into...     

生物对得克隆物种特异性立体异构体选择性富集及其潜在机理

得克隆(dechlorane plus, DP)是一种氯代添加型阻燃剂,自2006年首次在环境中被报道检出后,在全球各种环境和生物介质中被检出,已成为广受关注的一类新环境污染物。DP的工业品由2种同分异构体(syn-DP和anti-DP)组成,生物中DP的组成与工业品的组成并不完全一致。笔者总结了DP在生物中富集的文献。现有文献有关DP的生物富集研究主要集中在鱼、鸟及部分哺乳动物。鱼类中普遍观察到syn-DP的相对富集,部分鸟类样品中观察到anti-DP的相对富集。大量文献将生物中DP的组成与工业品DP的组成直接比较来判定是否存在生物对DP的立体异构体选择性富集,忽视了环境与生物过程对DP组成的改变,因此,DP在生物中的立体异构体选择性富集情形可能被低估。室内暴露实验揭示选择性代谢与排泄是造成DP在生物中选择性富集的主要原因,但具体的代谢、排泄的机理目前并不明晰。DP在生物中的立体异构体选择性富集还受生物组织、体内浓度、生物所处的营养级和性别等众多因素的影响。要了解DP生物富集中的立体选择性富集机理,还需要进一步深入研究DP在不同生物中的吸收、代谢及与生物大分子之间的相互作用。     

Farming experience and farmers’ adoption of low-carbon management practices: the case of soil testing and fertilizer recommendations in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In response to global climate change, the Chinese Government has taken numerous measures to promote low-carbon management practices, but the overall...