不同来源的海州香薷和野胡萝卜的铜抗性及铜积累差异

以来自矿区(铜绿山和赤马山铜矿)和非矿区(红安、武汉严西湖)的海州香薷和野胡萝卜种群为对象,通过土培实验,研究了2种植物的铜抗性及铜吸收积累差异.结果显示,来自矿区的海州香薷和野胡萝卜种群的铜抗性都明显高于非矿区种群,但2种植物种群的铜吸收积累特征明显不同:海州香薷植物吸收的Cu主要集中在根中,但矿区种群吸收积累的铜量明显低于非矿区种群;而野胡萝卜吸收的Cu主要集中在地上部分(地上部分的Cu富集量是根的1.5倍),但积累的铜量在矿区和非矿区种群间没有明显的差异.因此,来自矿区的海州香薷可能进化为铜避性对策,而野胡萝卜的铜抗性与其吸收积累的总量没有明显的关系,但有很好的向地上运输能力.     

基于GIS的东北农田畜禽粪便施用适宜性分析

东北三省是我国重要的粮食生产和工业基地.近年来,随着经济发展增速加快和产业结构调整力度加大,畜禽养殖业发展迅速,畜禽粪便产生量也快速增加.如何合理处置和利用畜禽粪便对东北三省的农业生产和环境保护都具有重要意义.本研究基于GIS平台,从自然、环境、社会和经济等多方面对东北三省畜禽粪便农田施用的适宜性进行了定量分析和评价.结果表明,东北三省78.9%的耕地适宜施用畜禽粪便,总面积为211942.7km2,主要分布在黑龙江和吉林省的大部分地区.总体来看,与居民区、水体和道路之间的禁施距离,是限制东北三省畜禽粪便耕地施用的关键因子,降雨量差异是影响耕地施用畜禽粪便适宜性地区差异的主要因子.结合适宜施用畜禽粪便的耕地面积和现有畜禽养殖水平,以畜禽粪便排放P2O5为评价指标,36个城市的养殖可发展潜力从四平市超出耕地负荷181.3万头到齐齐哈尔市1120.3万头的盈余,差异较大.从区域分布看,东部区域还有284.2万头的养殖发展空间,西部地区的辽宁中部和吉林中部近一半城市畜禽养殖量已经超过耕地可承载能力,而典型山区林区的养殖业进一步发展的空间相对较小(25.2万头的盈余量),应该适度控制和调整养殖业的发展.     

阿曼原油和溢油分散剂对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎形态发育的毒性效应

为研究经溢油分散剂(GM-2)处理阿曼原油对硬骨鱼类形态学发育毒性,将斑马鱼胚胎作为受试生物,采用半静态暴露方法,观察0~120 hpf(hour post-fertilization)斑马鱼胚胎的致死率、孵化率和畸形率,并应用斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性试验形态学得分系统(General Morphology Score(GMS)System)评估阿曼原油暴露诱导的斑马鱼胚胎形态发育毒性。结果显示,相较于水溶组分(water-accommodated fractions,WAF),加入GM-2后的化学增强型水溶组分(chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions,CEWAF)水样中总石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbons,TPH)浓度显著增加,由(5.233±0.213)mg·L-1增至(292.989±11.905)mg·L-1;120 hpf时,WAF和CEWAF组的致死率均有不同程度的升高,100%WAF的致死率为30.2%±2.8%,而≥40%CEWAF的致死率均已超过半数致死率,其半数致死浓度LC50为153.318 mg·L-1;通过对GMS分析,WAF和CEWAF暴露均会在不同程度上导致斑马鱼胚胎发育显著延迟,主要表现在鱼鳔未形成、心率异常、血液循环停滞和行动(胸鳍摆动、尾部摆动等)迟缓,且均能显著延迟胚胎孵化甚至造成胚胎不孵化;由畸形率可知,阿曼原油具有较强的致畸性,以心包水肿、背部弯曲和尾部弯曲最显著。由结果可知,经GM-2处理后的阿曼原油(CEWAF)比未处理的阿曼原油(WAF)对斑马鱼胚胎产生更严重的毒性效应。     

生物流化床工艺处理生活污水实验的灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析理论，阐述了生物流化床工艺处理生活污水实验的灰色关联分析方法，给出了其算法并编制了相关的程序，对实验中的主要条件：填料填充量、水力停留时间及污泥回流比对污水COD、NH3－N去除率的影响程度进行了研究，结果表明各因素的影响强弱顺序依次为：水力停留时间＞污泥回流比＞填料填充量。分析结果对生物流化床反应器的实际运行具有指导意义。     

Predicting heavy metals' adsorption edges and adsorption isotherms on MnO2 with the parameters determined from Langmuir kinetics

Although surface complexation models have been widely used to describe the adsorption of heavy metals, few studies have verified the feasibility of modeling the adsorption kinetics, edge, and isotherm data with one pH-independent parameter. A close inspection of the derivation process of Langmuir isothermrevealed that the equilibriumconstant derived from the Langmuir kinetic model, K_S-kinetic, is theoretically equivalent to the adsorption constant in Langmuir isotherm, K_S-Langmuir. The modified Langmuir kinetic model (MLK model) and modified Langmuir isothermmodel (MLImodel) incorporating pH factor were developed. The MLKmodel was employed to simulate the adsorption kinetics of Cu(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) on MnO₂ at pH 3.2 or 3.3 to get the values of K_S-kinetic. The adsorption edges of heavy metals could be modeled with the modified metal partitioning model (MMP model), and the values of K_S-Langmuirwere obtained. The values of K_S-kinetic and K_S-Langmuir are very close to each other, validating that the constants obtained by these two methods are basically the same. The MMP model with K_S-kinetic constants could predict the adsorption edges of heavy metals on MnO₂ very well at different adsorbent/adsorbate concentrations. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms of heavy metals on MnO₂ at various pH levels could be predicted reasonably well by the MLI model with the K_S-kinetic constants.     

影响β射线测尘仪测试精度问题探讨

介绍了β射线测尘仪的工作原理，探讨了β射线测尘仪使用中影响监测精度的问题及相应的解决措施。     

Hydrolytic Degradation of PPDO/PDLLA Blends Containing the Compatibilizer PLADO

The poly(para-dioxanone) (PPDO)/poly poly (dl-lactide) (PDLLA) blends containing various contents of compatibilizer (0, 1, 3, 5, 10 %) were prepared by solution co-precipitation, which were dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) to form 10 % wt/vol solutions. Then in vitro hydrolytic degradation of PPDO/PDLLA blends containing poly (dl-lactide-co-para-dioxanone) (PLADO) as the compatibilizer was studied by the changes of weight loss, water absorption, thermal properties, surface morphology and mechanical properties of samples in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.44) at 37 °C for 8 weeks. During the degradation, the weight loss and water absorption increased significantly for all blends, whereas hydrolysis rate of blends varied with the blend composition. The samples’ glass transition temperature decreased notably, while the degrees of crystallinity increased. Compared with uncompatibilized PPDO/PDLLA blends, PPDO/PDLLA blends with compatibilizer exhibited higher hydrolysis rate. The results suggested that the compatibilizer (PLADO) accelerated the hydrolysis rate of PPDO/PDLLA blends during the degradation.     

自控水力截齿增大块率的声发射实验研究

通过对岩石破裂过程中声发射活动的实验探测，证明自控水力截齿在一定的水力参数和截割条件下，对岩样的潜在损伤范围及实际破碎沟槽宽度都明显大于同样截割条件下的普通截齿，从而为采掘机械应用少截齿配置方案以提高块率提供了一条可行的技术途径。     

适应钝感弹药发展提高武器系统使用的安全性

为了适应钝感弹药发展的需求,利用冲击波汇聚技术和起爆理论,研究了环形、锥环形两种新型传爆药装药结构。试验表明,环形传爆药较圆柱形传爆药可减少药量约１５％ ,锥环形传爆药较圆柱形传爆药可减少药量约２６％ 。研究结果对于减少武器爆炸序列中敏感元件——传爆药的使用数量,进而提高武器系统使用安全性具有重要意义     

旋转水射流清洗钢管内外表面的方法

以小型三柱塞泵为动力,利用两套旋转水射流同时对钢管内外表面进行清洗,清洗喷头的移动和被清洗件的替换动作,由三柱塞泵驱动的液压油缸及其牵引的钢丝绳操作,系统仅有单一动力装置。旋转接头采用胶状体拦截固体颗粒,利用悬浮安装的Ｏ 型圈密封压力;可在压力１２ＭＰａ 以下,输送磨料浆液,每分钟３００ 转时,寿命可达１０００ 小时。清洗液可以进行加热,并过滤循环使用。该方法已在煤矿单体液压支柱的清洗作业中得到使用,清洗速度达到每小时（４０～６０）根缸筒或活塞柱。