Preparation and evaluation of bis(diallyl alkyl tertiary ammonium salt) polymer as a promising adsorbent for phosphorus removal

Problems associated with water eutrophication due to high phosphorus concentrations and related environmentally safe solutions have attracted wide attention. A novel bis(diallyl alkyl tertiary ammonium salt) polymer, particularly poly(N~1,N~1,N~6,N~6-tetraallylhexane-1,6-diammonium dichloride)(PTAHDADC), was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion method, and thermogravimetric analysis. The adsorption characteristics in phosphorus were evaluated in dilute solution, and the recycling properties of PTAHDADC were investigated. Results showed that PTAHDADC possessed macropores with a size distribution ranging from 30 to 130 μm concentrating at 63 μm in diameter and had 46.52% of porosity, excellent thermal stability below 530 K, and insolubility. PTAHDADC could effectively remove phosphorus at p H = 7–11 and had a removal efficiency exceeding 98.4% at pH = 10–11. The adsorption equilibrium data of PTAHDADC for phosphorus accorded well with the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 52.82 mg/g at 293 K. PTAHDADC adsorbed phosphorus rapidly and reached equilibrium within 90 min. Calculated activation energy Eawas 15.18 k J/mol. PTAHDADC presented an excellent recyclability with only 8.23% loss of removal efficiency after five adsorption–desorption cycles. The morphology and structure of PTAHDADC slightly changed as evidenced by the pre-and post-adsorption of phosphorus, but the process was accompanied by the partial deprotonation of the(–CH_2)_3-NH~+ group of PTAHDADC. The adsorption was a spontaneous exothermic process driven by entropy through physisorption, electrostatic attraction, and ion exchange. Survey results showed that PTAHDADC was a highly efficient and fast-adsorbing phosphorus-removal material prospective in treating wastewater.     

事故树法在煤气发生炉环境风险评价中的应用

针对煤气发生炉事故特点,采用事故树分析法对其进行环境风险评价,从最小割集、最小径集以及结构重要性3个方面解释煤气发生炉事故的主要原因,根据基本事件的重要性,比较分析事故的预防重点,并提出相应防控措施和应急预案。事故树法能够全面描述事故发生的原因及其逻辑关系。     

强化混凝处理制革废水的优化研究

对皮革废水混凝处理的条件进行优化,分别采用FeSO4·7H2O和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺作为混凝剂和助凝剂,以COD、总铬和硫化物为指标,设计正交试验确定强化混凝处理皮革废水的最优条件并进行验证性试验。结果表明:当FeSO4·7H2O投加量为1800mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺投加量为7.5mg/L,pH为10,混凝效果最好,对COD、总铬和硫化物的平均去除率分别为14.92%、99.40%和99.71%。     

Major Energy Plants and Their Potential for Bioenergy Development in China

China is rich in energy plant resources. In this article, 64 plant species are identified as potential energy plants in China. The energy plant species include 38 oilseed crops, 5 starch-producing crops, 3 sugar-producing crops and 18 species for lignocellulosic biomass. The species were evaluated on the basis of their production capacity and their resistance to salt, drought, and/or low temperature stress. Ten plant species have high production and/or stress resistance and can be potentially developed as the candidate energy plants. Of these, four species could be the primary energy plants in China: Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas L.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Chinese silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.). We discuss the use of biotechnological techniques such as genome sequencing, molecular markers, and genetic transformation to improve energy plants. These techniques are being used to develop new cultivars and to analyze and manipulate genetic variation to improve attributes of energy plants in China.     

化学活化的湿法制备污泥活性炭及应用研究

以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料,ZnCl₂作活化剂,研究脱水污泥转化成活性炭过程中活化方式、活化剂浓度、活化温度和活化时间等因素对污泥活性炭吸附性能的影响;利用正交试验获得最佳制备方案,采用热重分析仪研究活化机理,并将其应用于甲苯废气的吸附试验。结果表明:浸渍质量比5:5、活化温度550℃、活化时间40 min为最佳制备条件:湿污泥活化法制备的污泥活性炭,性能优于干污泥活化法;在甲苯浓度2 300mg/m³、气体线速9.55 cm/s、装填高度4 cm时,添加3%的锯末或5%的椰粉吸附性能更好。     

三亚市风景名胜区景观及视觉影响评价的初步探讨

作为海滨海岛类风景名胜区,目前三亚市风景名胜区的景观与视觉影响评价的现状令人担忧,存在着主要通过定性评价来简单评价其景观与视觉影响的问题,没有对其景观与视觉影响进行深入的定量分析.本文通过提出景观与视觉影响评价的基本概念、相互关系及进行视觉影响评价的相关步骤,采用俞孔坚教授提出的定量评价方法对三亚鹿回头公园旅游基础设施建设项目进行景观及视觉影响评价为实例,最终对三亚市旅游景点景观及视觉影响评价提出建议与展望.     

利用遗传算法反演皖中地区地壳速度结构

利用安徽数字地震台网2009～2012年记录的421条高质量近震纵波数据,建立层状介质模型,基于遗传算法对安徽中部地区(30.5～33.2°N,116～119.3°E)地壳一维速度结构进行反演,结果显示遗传算法能够较好的用于一维速度结构反演,同时得到该地区地壳平均厚度、地壳各层平均厚度及各层中P波平均速度,为进一步开展该地区基础研究提供一个合适的初始地壳模型。     

絮凝沉淀法处理电解金属锰废水的研究

采用絮凝沉淀法处理电解金属锰废水,主要研究水力条件、最佳混凝剂、助凝剂投加量对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:最佳混凝剂组为聚合氯化铝-聚丙烯酰胺,其最佳投加量分别为:聚合氯化铝为90 mg/L,聚丙烯酰胺为50 mg/L。当pH=9.0时,采用先无机再有机的投加混凝剂的顺序,水力条件工艺控制为先加无机混凝剂慢速搅拌1 min,再加有机助凝剂快速搅拌2 min,效果为最佳。     

Transport and fate modeling of nitrobenzene in groundwater after the Songhua River pollution accident

In 2005 a pollution accident occurred in the Songhua River, which is geographically located next to groundwater supply plants. This caused public concern about the transport and fate of nitrobenzene (NB) in the groundwater. This paper discusses the mechanisms and effects of the transport and fate of NB in groundwater based on pilot scale experiments conducted in the laboratory, including a simulation experiment, bench-scale batch tests and a one-dimensional numerical model. Parallel batch tests showed that the adsorption of NB to the clay and sand followed the Langmuir-type isotherm, and clay had a greater NB adsorption capacity than sand. NB biodegradation in different conditions was well fitted by the Monod equation and the q_max values varied from 0.018 to 0.046 h^?1. Results indicated that NB’s biodegradation was not affected by the initial NB concentration. Numerical modeling results indicated a good match between computed and observed data, and in the prediction model NB entered the groundwater after the pollution accident. However, the highest concentration of NB was much lower than the allowable limit set by the national standard (0.017 mg/L).     

Sorption isotherm studies of Cd(II) ions using living cells of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butch

The present work reports the use of living cells of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica for the biosorption of cadmium ions. For a better understanding of the biosorption characteristics, three fractions of removed cadmium (total, bioadsorbed and intracellular) were measured in the cells after 24 and 72 h of exposure to different initial cadmium concentrations (0.6–45 mg L^?1). Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models were suitable for describing the sorption of cadmium ions by this microalga. The maximum sorption capacity was estimated to be 40.22 mg Cd g^?1 after 72 h using the Langmuir sorption model. In the lower cadmium concentrations, metal removed intracellularly was higher than that removed on the microalgal cell surface. Therefore, the intracellular fraction contributed more to the total removed cadmium than the fraction bioadsorbed to the cellular surface. The results showed that the cadmium removal capacity using living biomass could be much more effective than with non-living biomass due to the intracellular bioaccumulation. According to the microorganism selected and its tolerance to the toxic effect of the metal, the cadmium content in the intracellular fraction can become very significant, just like it happened with Tetraselmis.