高压水射流超细粉碎云母的粒度特性方程式

为了弄清高压水射流超细粉碎云母的规律，本文通过假设颗粒中的校裂纹、表面裂纹和体裂纹的扩展概率相互独立，以及颗粒中发生多少个裂纹扩展的概率服从普哇松分布，推导出粒度特性方程；并认为裂纹扩展概率与水压成正比，与给料调和平均粒率成反比；然后用粒度特性方程拟合和分析了高压水射流超细粉碎云母的实验测试数据，发现高压水射流超细粉碎云母主要是云母粉中的棱裂纹扩展所致，且粒度分布由水压和给料调和平均粒度决定。     

基于TM影像的人口密度数字模拟——以北京地区为例

居住区影像是人口分布客观真实的定性表现,对这种定性的数据源进行合理量化即可获得人口实际分布数据。在分析TM影像各个波段特征的基础上,选取5、4、3波段进行图像逻辑运算,比较精确地提取出居住区影像。计算居住区面积并依据面积大小将居住区分为3类,根据人口户籍统计值计算出3类居住区相对的人口分布比例系数kj。然后生成与居住区矢量投影相同的1km网格,利用图层叠加统计每个网格内的居住面积lj,居住区矢量与区县界矢量叠加统计每个区县内的居住面积Am,计算网格人口分配系数ki×lj/Am,依据该系数对人口总数进行网格化模拟,以得到人口密度空间分布规律。以北京地区为试验区进行人口模拟,结果显示北京中心区最大人口密度为16 661人/km2,其他地区最大人口密度是8231人/km2。在模拟结果的基础上估算乡镇级人口,对比分析乡镇级估算人口和实际调查人口对结果进行验证,对比数据表明该算法所得到的人口分布与实际人口分布较为相符。     

沼气发酵液对农作物病害的防治

有机废弃物经堆沤处理,可增强土壤肥力,并抑制作物根部病害的发生。沼气发酵液(简称沼液)是有机废弃物经厌氧发酵后的残留物质,其中富集的微生物菌群、大量的微量元素和各种各样的生物活性物质对作物病菌有显著的抑制作用。     

火灾下大空间结构温度场的数值模拟分析

大空间结构近年来在我国得到了迅速的发展,然而,我国原有防火规范常常无法满足该类结构防火设计的需要。目前性能化设计方法是防火研究领域的发展趋势,而结构内部温度场的准确计算与否是其中非常关键的重要环节。笔者利用流体动力学计算软件FLUENT对不同火灾曲线和火源功率下,典型尺寸模型的温度场随时间与空间的分布情况进行了计算模拟,并与我国《钢结构防火技术规程》(征求意见稿)中近似公式计算结果相对比,同时对规范中未规定的火源功率可否使用已知值采用线性插值方法求解进行了讨论,并深入分析了此简化计算公式存在的局限性。     

涠洲12-1油田油井结垢机理研究

采用X射线衍射法分析了涠洲12-1油田A3油井井筒垢样,并对结垢离子的来源、结垢机理、结垢原因及结垢部位进行了分析。结果表明,涠洲12-1油田中块油井垢样的主要成分中61.3%是BaSr(SO4)2。结垢阳离子主要源于地层中含锶、钡等重矿物在高温、高压及高矿化度条件下的溶解和解离,结垢阴离子主要源于地层中硫酸盐矿物(如BaSO4、SrSO4)溶解、解离及注入水(海水)。结垢是注入水与地层水不配伍引起的,涠洲12-1油田防垢应以预防BaSr(SO4)2为主。     

THE FLEXIBLE TOLERANCE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN THE ROOT ZONE1

In this study, a constrained minimization method, the flexible tolerance method, was used to solve the optimization problems for determining hydrologic parameters in the root zone: water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation. Synthetic soil moisture data were first generated using the Richards' equation and its associated initial and boundary conditions, and these data were then used for the inverse analyses. The results of inverse simulation indicate the following. If the soil moisture data contain no noise, the rate of estimated water uptake and spatial root distribution parameters are equal to the true values without using constraints. If there is noise in the observed data, constraints must be used to improve the quality of the estimate results. In the estimation of rainfall infiltration and surface evaporation, interpolation methods should be used to reduce the number of unknowns. A fewer number of variables can improve the quality of inversely estimated parameters. Simultaneous estimation of spatial root distribution and water uptake rate or estimation of evaporation and water uptake rate is possible. The method was used to estimate the water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation using long‐term soil moisture data collected from Nebraska's Sand Hills.     

两宋时期瘟疫灾害时空分布规律初探

两宋自公元960年宋太祖赵匡胤建立宋朝起,经北宋(公元960～1127年)与南宋(公元1127～1279年)共320年。该时期是我国历史上的重要转型期,各种疫情凸显,带来了深重的灾难。宋代发生流行型疫病204次,12个种类,其中引起疫灾49次。无论从京城到地方,从皇室、军队到百姓,还是从正史、名著到野史,不乏有关瘟疫的记载。随着当时政治经济中心从开封向临安迁移,瘟疫灾害的重灾区从开封迁移到杭州,受灾次数从东南向西南逐渐减少。孝宗时期至宁宗(1163～1223年)瘟疫发生频率最高,理宗时期至宋亡(1224年～1279年)发生频率最低。夏秋季节,各种疾疫尤为流行。     

Effect of filter-feeding fish silver carp on phytoplankton species and size distribution in surface water： A field study in water works

Silver carp were introduced into the pre-sedimentation pond to control excessive phytoplankton in raw water.The effectiveness of the filter-feeding silver carp on phytoplankton control and the effect of silver carp on phytoplankton community were investigated.The results showed that Microcystis could be effectively removed by silver carp stocked in the pre-sedimentation pond,and simultaneously,the concentration of single-cell phytoplankton increased obviously.The difference in phytoplankton species and singlecell phytoplankton size between in the water and in the gut of silver carp indicated that phytoplankton smaller than 5 μm,such as Chamydomonas and Platymonas,were almost not be filtered by silver carp,phytoplankton with the size between 5 and 20 μm could be partly filtered,and large size phytoplankton,mainly colony-forming Microcystis could be filtered almost completely.These filterfeeding characteristics directly caused the phytoplankton size distribution biased toward miniaturization.Therefore,this biological treatment using silver carp could be applied only to deal with groups of Microcystis-dominated eutrophic water,and was not appropriate in water bodies where single-cell micro phytoplankton were dominant.Especially when silver carp are used in water treatment,a cautious attitude should be taken based on the evaluation of phytoplankton biomass and species structure features in raw water.     

运用PDCA管理方法提升HSE管理体系运行绩效

胜利油田某采油厂从2003年发布实施HSE管理体系文件以来,运用PDCA（计划、实施、检查、持续改进）管理方法,解决HSE建立与运行过程中“水土不服”和“两张皮”的问题,HSE管理体系运行绩效不断提升。     

浅议亳州市水环境及其防治对策

从城乡居民生活用水现状、农业生产用水状况、工业生产用水状况等方面分析探讨了亳州市水环境现状,指出诸多方面存在的问题：水资源总量、地表水、地下水的开采利用及水污染,提出了防治对策：开源节流、建立节水型社会、做好中长期水资源发展规划、防治水污染,保护水环境、加快生态工程投资力度、搞好生态恢复和补偿。