Effect of vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and their straw amendment on soil enzymes, respiration, functional diversity and community structure of soil microorganisms under field conditions

With the development of transgenic crops, there is an increasing concern about the possible adverse effects of their vegetation and residues on soil environmental quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible effects of the vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines Huachi B6 (HC) and TT51 (TT) followed by the return of their straw to the soil on soil enzymes (catalase, urease, neutral phosphatase and invertase), anaerobic respiration activity, microbial utilization of carbon substrates and community structure, under field conditions. The results indicated that the vegetation of the two transgenic rice lines (HC and TT) and return of their straw had few adverse effects on soil enzymes and anaerobic respiration activity compared to their parent and distant parent, although some transient differences were observed. The vegetation and subsequent straw amendment of Bt rice HC and TT did not appear to have a harmful effect on the richness, evenness and community structure of soil microorganisms. No different pattern of impact due to plant species was found between HC and TT. It could be concluded that the vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and the return of their straw as organic fertilizer may not alter soil microbe-mediated functions.     

高效生物吸附剂处理含铬废水

将菌株(R32)和复合菌群(Fh01)2种生物吸附剂与活性污泥进行复合使用,观察了柱式生物曝气法对高浓度含铬模拟水样和含铬电镀废水的生物吸附效果.结果表明,这2种吸附剂性能稳定,对进水pH值适应范围广,当pH值为1.0～7.0时,R32对50.0mg/L铬的去除率达71%～86%;当pH值为1.0～5.0时,Fh01对铬的去除率均在60%以上.R32对铬浓度、进水速度、处理时间等因素均具有较好的适应性.而Fh01对低浓度含铬废水的处理效率高,当总Cr浓度为5.0～20.0mg/L时,对铬的去除率达100%.R32和Fh01串联曝气处理效果理想,吸附2h后,对总Cr,Cu2+,CODCr浓度分别为78.3,2.29,45.0mg/L的电镀废水的去除率分别高达94.0%,99.2%,74.5%.     

叶面喷施硫对镉污染土壤中水稻累积镉的机制研究

Cd（镉）污染稻田已成为影响全球农田土壤环境安全的重要问题,叶面喷施技术可以提高水稻对Cd的抗性,减少其对Cd的累积,保证农产品质量安全、维护土壤生态功能、防范环境和人体健康风险.通过两年四季的湖南省长沙县田间试验,探索叶面喷施S（以Na₂S计）在中轻度Cd污染稻田中的降镉、增产效果及其可推广性,进而设计水培试验,探究相关机制.结果表明:田间试验中,叶面喷施S可以将水稻产量提高6%~30%,水稻籽粒w（Cd）降低28%~50%.叶面喷施S能够增加水稻叶片的捕光能力和电子传递速率,与对照组相比,净光合速率提高2%~25%、气孔导度提高7%~25%、胞间CO₂浓度提高2%~10%、蒸腾速率提高1%~11%;实际光化学效率提升3%~21%,也可在一定程度上减缓光合系统结构和功能受到的损伤,同时提高光合作用碳同化的效率,提高水稻产量.傅里叶变换红外光谱图显示,叶面喷施S通过增强有机大分子类物质（如有机酸、多肽类等）的生成,可能直接与Cd发生螯合,区隔在细胞壁或者液泡上,降低Cd的侵害.研究显示,叶面喷施S在Cd胁迫水稻中积极参与生化过程的特定光合作用和蛋白质合成的调节,减轻了水稻Cd胁迫,可以尝试在同类型重金属污染农田土壤中推广.      

太湖风生流水动力时空差异特征研究

为研究太湖的流场结构,更好实施引清调水方案改善太湖水质。在确定太湖四季主导风向及其平均风速的基础上,采用有限体积Godunov型通量差分裂(FDS)格式构建太湖水动力模型,并得到了实测流场的良好验证。并进一步研究各季节各湖区的流动规律,确定太湖风生流水动力时空差异特征。结果表明:太湖风生流流态特征主要与风向、风速有关;不同季节平均流速由大到小分别为:冬季、春季、秋季、夏季;从不同的湖区看,湖岸区最大、湖湾区次之、湖心区最小。由此可选择冬季、湖岸区实施调水方案改善太湖水质。     

石油化工企业HSE信息化趋势研究

介绍了国内外石油化工企业HSE信息化发展现状,对石油化工企业HSE信息化发展趋势进行了展望.     

生态系统健康及其评价指标和方法

生态系统健康是一门研究人类活动、社会经济组织、自然系统和人类健康的跨学科综合性学科。如果一个生态系统是稳定、持续和活跃的,能够维持其组织结构,受到干扰后能够在一段时间内自动恢复过来的话,则这个生态系统是健康和不受胁迫综合症影响的。生态系统健康的基本原理有动态性原理、层次性原理、创造性原理、相关性原理和脆弱积累性原理等5个原理。论文提出了包括活力、组织和恢复力在内的生态系统健康的8个评价指标,具体地介绍了生态系统健康的活力、组织结构和恢复力的评价方法。目前生态系统健康研究还处在发展的初始阶段,也存在不少的问题,在进一步发展生态系统健康理论的同时,需要依靠遥感和GIS等技术来对它进行定量化研究,以促进生态系统健康的发展。     

雅砻江下游梯级水电开发生态环境影响的经济损益评价

生态环境影响经济损益分析在统一量纲下,实现工程对环境影响的综合评价,可为工程决策提供依据。根据雅砻江水电开发对生态环境的影响,在建立评价指标体系的基础上,评价了雅砻江下游梯级水电开发生态环境影响的经济损益。结果表明：雅砻江下游梯级水电开发所带来的直接环境效益包括水产养殖、旅游、调蓄洪水和调节小气候,价值为7.52×10⁸元/a;能源替代的间接环境效益为36.50×10⁸元/a;生态环境成本包括水库蓄水后淹没土地资源造成的经济损失、水库温室气体排放、移民搬迁及环境保护费用等,其总成本为3.72×10⁸元/a。水电开发生态环境影响的评价技术与方法尚未成熟,评价内容的完整性和评价结果的准确性也因此受到一定程度影响,本研究的初步探索可为综合决策提供参考。     

Effects of calcined aluminum salts on the advanced dewatering and solidification/stabilization of sewage sludge

The high moisture content (80%) in the sewage dewatered sludge is the main obstacle to disposal and recycling. A chemical dewatering and stabilization/solidification (S/S) alternative for the sludge was developed, using calcined aluminum salts (AS) as solidifier, and CaCl2, Na2SO4 and CaSO4 as accelerators, to enhance the mechanical compressibility making the landfill operation possible. The properties of the resultant matrixes were determined in terms of moisture contents, unconfined compressive strength, products of hydration, and toxicity characteristics. The results showed that AS exhibited a moderate pozzolanic activity, and the mortar AS0 obtained with 5% AS and 10% CaSO4 of AS by weight presented a moisture contents below 50%–60% and a compressive strength of (51.32 ± 2.9) kPa after 5–7 days of curing time, meeting the minimum requirement for sanitary landfill. The use of CaSO4 obviously improved the S/S performance, causing higher strength level. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetrydifferential scanning calorimetry investigations revealed that a large amount of hydrates (viz., gismondine and CaCO3) were present in solidified sludge, leading to the depletion of evaporable water and the enhancement of the strength. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and horizontal vibration (HJ 557-2009) leaching test were conducted to evaluate their environmental compatibility. It was found that the solidified products conformed to the toxicity characteristic criteria in China and could be safely disposed of in a sanitary landfill.     

青岛市大气PM2.5元素组成及来源研究

利用2007年5月～2008年5月气溶胶观测资料和逐日天气资料,分析了青岛市2.5μm气溶胶粒子(PM2.5)浓度特征、元素组成和来源.结果表明,青岛市PM2.5和PM10年均浓度分别为86.6μg.m-3和120μg.m-3.PM2.5浓度采暖季高于非采暖季,夏季最低.PM2.5浓度在荒漠和人为共同影响下的气团中最高,在海洋影响气团中最低.PM2.5和PM10的主要组成元素是S、Ca、Cl、K和Fe,主要污染元素集中在PM2.5中;PM2.5中Cl、K、Zn、Br和Pb浓度采暖季较大,夏季较小,Ca元素变化趋势则相反.V、Cr、Cu、As、Se、Sr和Zr的浓度受不同来源气团影响不显著,S、Cl、K、Ti、Mn、Fe、Zn、Br、Pb和Ca的浓度在不同来源气团下存在较大差异.降水对S、K、Pb和Fe质量浓度的影响最为明显.富集因子分析表明,所有元素在PM2.5中的富集因子普遍大于PM10,青岛市非地壳来源的元素在PM2.5中所占比例大于PM10.Ca元素富集因子夏季较大,可能受到建筑尘影响.     

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables

It is an important approach to use the Cd-contaminated soils properly by growing low accumulator or excluder plants for Cd to produce safe foods. To find the suitable vegetable species for growing in Cd-contaminated soils, in the present study the variations in the Cd accumulation for twenty eight vegetable species and several cultivars of five common vegetables (cowpea, kidney pea, bitter gourd, cucumber and squash) were investigated in two soil Cd levels (1 and 2 mg/kg Cd). Experimental results showed that highly significant differences in Cd concentration were evident among 28 vegetables. For example, spinach Cd concentrations were 110-fold and 175-fold higher than that of sweet pea under the 1 and 2 mg/kg Cd exposures, respectively. For Cd accumulation, the order of vegetable species was: leafy vegetables solanaceous vegetables kale vegetables root vegetables allimus melon vegetables legumes. Distinctive differences were also identified when comparing different cultivars of the five common vegetables with an average range of 0.003–0.094 mg/kg Cd. Our results indicated that a large genotypic variation existed among vegetable species or cultivars when subjected to Cd exposure. Therefore, it is important and feasible to elect/breed vegetable species/cultivars with low accumulation of Cd, especially in mildly Cd-contaminated soils.