光催化技术在功能性空气过滤材料中的应用研究

针对目前气态污染物和气溶胶态污染物对人们生活健康产生的巨大危害,论述了目前国内外光催化技术在功能性空气过滤材料中的研究,阐述了光催化技术和纤维过滤技术的基本原理,并对光催化剂在纤维上的负载和应用做了详细介绍,最后提出了该领域可能的发展方向。     

南极法尔兹半岛植被土壤CH_4通量特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极法尔兹半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤CH4 排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被土壤在夏季 2个月内CH4 的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴好天气条件下 ,苔藓土壤CH4 排放通量可能呈现双峰型变化特征 ;而在雨、雪等复杂多变的天气条件下 ,CH4 通量变化无规则 ,存在较大的时空变化 ,且与温度的响应关系不明显 ;苔藓土壤CH4 通量夏季变化的主要影响因子是温度 ,同时还受降水的影响 .苔藓土壤吸收CH4 总量为 0 6 6 5 3× 10 2 kg ;地衣土壤吸收CH4 总量为 0 76 0 3×10 2 kg .由此可见 ,该半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤起着大气CH4 汇的作用     

金川泥炭中发现硅藻

在湖泊沉积物实验方法基础上 ,初步建立了泥炭中硅藻的提取方法 ,并利用扫描电镜在金川泥炭中首次发现了硅藻 ,根据其形貌特征确定了科属 ,发现研究区硅藻以生活在浅淡水中的舟形藻科为主 ,该类硅藻可能具有一定的季节意义。     

颗粒轨道模型用于烟气脱硫喷淋塔两相流数值模拟

以FLUENT软件为计算工具,采用Euler-Lagrange方法模拟喷淋塔内部气液两相流动.气相用标准k-ε湍流模型描述,喷淋液滴用颗粒轨道模型描述.综合考虑颗粒受力分析、颗粒湍流扩散以及气液两相耦合3方面影响因素对颗粒轨道模型进行设置,从液滴粒径分布、液滴出口速度、喷淋夹角3个方面对喷嘴射流源进行精确定义.模拟结果表明:喷淋塔内轴向气速分布均匀;中空锥形的喷嘴设计使喷淋液形成伞状雨帘,有效防止烟气短流;塔内液滴浓度分布存在中间高、边缘低的问题,可通过改进喷嘴布置方案加以改进;颗粒轨道模型能够较好地预测喷淋塔内两相流动.     

城市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估初探

城市森林为城市生态系统提供了多方面的服务功能。本文以大连市为例,对城市森林净化环境、涵养水源、固碳释氧、保护土壤等生态服务功能进行评估计算,并分析城市森林系统生态服务功能总价值的构成。     

农业废弃物静态高温堆肥过程中纤维素酶活性的变化

在静态通气条件下,以养殖场鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪为材料,小麦秸秆作为调节物质.研究了堆肥过程中纤维素酶活性变化特性及其与堆肥温度的关系,旨在为农业废弃物资源化利用提供科学依据.结果表明:添加微生物菌剂后堆体升温迅速.堆肥1-2d后进入高温期,且高温腐解持续16-20d;对照处理在堆肥4-5d后进入高温期,持续时间仅为7-8d;整个堆肥过程中加菌剂处理的堆体温度高于对照.加菌剂处理在堆肥10-12d时纤维索酶活性达最高,依次为牛粪(0.642 mg·g-1·d-1)>鸡粪(0.457 mg·g-1·d-1)>猪粪(0.380 mg·g-1·d-1);对照处理推迟2d达纤维素酶活性高峰,且酶活性高峰值低于同等物料的加菌剂处理,依次为牛粪(0.491 mg·g-1·d-1)>猪粪(0.335 mg·g-1·d-1)>鸡粪(0.258 mg·g-1·d-1),整个堆肥过程中加菌剂处理平均纤维紊酶活性较对照提高了33.17%(牛粪)、20.17%(鸡粪)和12.4%(猪粪).堆肥初期堆肥温度过高不利于微生物的活动,纤维素酶活性在堆肥开始的3-4d低于初始水平.而后迅速上升.当堆肥温度等于或者低于60℃后,纤维素酶活性与有机物料温度变化间有显著正效应,对照处理两者间为线性关系,加菌剂处理两者间呈显著指数递增关系.     

Combined remediation of DDT congeners and cadmium in soil by Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 and Sedum alfredii Hance

Combined pollution of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern because they present serious risk to food security and human health.In order to develop a cost-effective and safe method for the removal of DDTs and Cd in soil,combined remediation of DDTs and Cd in soil by Sphingobacterium sp.D-6 and the hyperaccumulator,Sedum alfredii Hance was investigated.After treatment for 210 days,the degradation half-lives of DDTs in soils treated by strain D-6 decreased by 8.1% to 68.0% compared with those in the controls.The inoculation of strain D-6 into soil decreased the uptake of DDTs by pak choi and S.alfredii.The shoots/roots ratios of S.alfredii for the Cd accumulation ranged from 12.32 to 21.75.The Cd concentration in soil decreased to 65.8%-71.8% for S.alfredii treatment and 14.1%-58.2% for S.alfredii and strain D-6 combined treatment,respectively,compared with that in the control.The population size of the DDTs-degrading strain,Simpson index (1/D) and soil respiratory rate decreased in the early stage of treatment and then gradually increased,ultimately recovering to or exceeding the initial level.The results indicated that synchronous incorporation of strain D-6 and S.alfredii into soil was found to significantly (p 0.05) enhance the degradation of DDTs in soil and the hyperaccumulation of Cd in S.alfredii.It was concluded that strain D-6 and S.alfredii could be used successfully to control DDTs and Cd in contaminated soil.     

硝基芳香化合物的微生物降解研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难降解有机污染物之一,由于其用途广泛,对环境的污染日趋严重,利用生物降解硝基芳香化合物是行之有效的方法。文章针对硝基芳香化合物生物降解过程,汇总了用于降解的微生物资源,并对硝基芳香化合物生物代谢途径、降解过程中的主要酶、降解性质粒、基因定位等分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述。     

Effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment on residual aluminum control in high humic acid water purification

Due to the formation of disinfection by-products and high concentrations of Al residue in drinking water purification, humic substances are a major component of organic matter in natural waters and have therefore received a great deal of attention in recent years. We investigated the effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment methods usually applied for removing dissolved organic matters on residual Al control. Results showed that the presence of humic acid increased residual Al concentration notably. With 15 mg/L of humic acid in raw water, the concentrations of soluble aluminum and total aluminum in the treated water were close to the quantity of Al addition. After increasing coagulant dosage from 12 to 120 mg/L, the total-Al in the treated water was controlled to below 0.2 mg/L. Purification systems with ozonation, chlorination, or potassium permanganate oxidation pretreatment units had little effects on residual Al control; while UV radiation decreased Al concentration notably. Combined with ozonation, the effects of UV radiation were enhanced. Optimal dosages were 0.5 mg O3/mg C and 3 hr for raw water with 15 mg/L of humic acid. Under UV light radiation, the combined forces or bonds that existed among humic acid molecules were destroyed; adsorption sites increased positively with radiation time, which promoted adsorption of humic acid onto polymeric aluminum and Al(OH)3(s). This work provides a new solution for humic acid coagulation and residual Al control for raw water with humic acid purification.     

基于多项植被指数的景观生态类型遥感解译与分类——以额济纳天然绿洲景观为例

基于研究区2001年Landsat7ETM+遥感影像数据,运用遥感与GIS技术手段,在对遥感影像的边界裁定、几何校正、辐射校正等预处理的基础之上,根据绿洲景观生态类型分类体系,通过综合应用非监督分类、植被指数与波段比值指数聚类、监督分类以及类型叠加与图像整合等方法,进行绿洲景观生态类型的遥感解译与分类,生成研究区2001年的景观生态类型图。为尽可能利用到遥感影像的所有原始数据信息,论文选取5种植被指数(NDV I、DV I、RV I、IPV I、SA VI)和9种波段比值指数(Index1I-ndex9)参与到遥感影像的解译与分类当中,结果表明:NDV I、DV I、IPV I、SAV I、R VI、Index5、Index6具有较大的相似性,能够明显地将具有植被信息的类别分离出来,利于划分具有植被信息的景观类型;Index1-Index4具有较好的类别空间分离性,利于不同类别间的聚类与区分;而Index7-Index9的类别分离性则较差,不利于类别聚类与划分。因此,在实际的应用中,选取多项植被指数参与景观分类,不仅能够发现新的信息,而且也会明显提高景观生态类型、尤其是干旱区绿洲景观生态类型的遥感解译与分类能力。