生态补偿机制及模式研究进展

详细综述了生态补偿机制概念、理论基础、补偿标准、补偿模式及国内外生态补偿实践经验等方面的研究进展。发现外部性的内部化是生态补偿的关键和环境经济学基础,其核心问题包括：谁补偿谁,补偿多少以及如何补偿。通过回顾美国、欧洲发达国家与中国、拉丁美洲发展中国家在实施生态补偿过程中采取的各种措施,发现生态学与经济学理论已经逐渐融入生态补偿的研究之中。在此基础上,指出了国内生态补偿的科研和实践中有待解决的问题,最后提出了包括补偿的法律机制、补偿经济标准、政策制定等方面的建议。     

Characterizing spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in the soils from mining-smelting activities in Shuikoushan, Hunan Province, China

The spatial variation of heavy metals in the soils in Shuikoushan mining-smelting area, Hunan Province, China, was investigated using multivariate and geo-statistic analysis. A total of 106 composite soil samples were collected in an area of about 100 km2. Concentrations of total As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic and Pb were found to have a common source, indicating the same sources and spreading processes, such as aerosols and airborne particulates from smelting chimneys. Airborne sources from smelting chimneys contributed greatly to Cd in the area, which demonstrated the same dispersion pattern as As and Pb. However, two hot spots of Cd around smelters were possibly enlarged by wastewaters, demonstrating another important source of Cd in Shuikouhsan. Geo-statistic interpolated mapping demonstrated that hotspots of Zn were only found proximal to the large smelters, suggesting that Zn primarily came from the chimneys of larger smelters. The major Cu hot-spots appeared closely to the tailing dam, indicating that weathering and leaching of tailings were the major sources of Cu contamination in Shuikoushan. Our findings indicated that airborne volatile particles and aerosols contributed the most to As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu contamination, while Cd and Cu may also derive from the discharge of wastewater from smelters and the leaching of tailings, respectively.     

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation a ect mercury removal e ciently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor a ecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation e ciency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal e ciency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%–96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%–68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal e ciency was 95.9%–98.0%, and there was a big di erence in the total mercury removal e ciencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.     

灌溉管理改革的进展、特征及决定因素:黄河流域灌区的实证研究

论文采用两年的面板数据实证研究了我国黄河流域灌区灌溉管理改革的进展、特征及决定因素。研究结果表明,自20世纪90年代开始,黄河流域灌区灌溉管理改革取得了很大的进展,传统的集体管理已经逐步被承包管理和用水协会管理所取代,不同管理制度下农民参与的程度与管理的透明度都有所区别,政府的政策干预在促进灌溉管理改革上发挥了十分重要的作用,改革具有明显的政策导向性。在未来的灌溉管理改革中,政府部门应进一步出台相关鼓励改革政策,积极引导广大农民参与到改革的事业中,促进改革在更加广阔的农村地区的有效推进和良性发展。     

Effects of sediment dredging on water quality and zooplankton community structure in a shallow of eutrophic lake

Effects of suction dredging on water quality and zooplankton community structure in a shallow of eutrophic lake,were evaluated.The results showed that a decreasing trend for levels of phosphorus,organic matter,total suspended solids,Chlorophyll a and Secchi transparency in the water column was found,while levels of water depth,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids and NO 3--N concentration increased markedly post-dredging.The effects of dredging on dissolved oxygen,pH value and temperature were alm...     

南非:环境保护的私人力量

<正>南非位于南半球,非洲大陆的最南端,地处南纬22度到35度之间,面积为121.9万平方公里,人口约为4700万,是非洲大陆经济最发达的国家,因其多民族和多元文化的融合而被称为"彩虹之国"。南非境内共有20座国家公园,此外还有不少的省区管理和私人运营     

基于公路网络的长江三角洲旅游景点可达性格局研究

论文运用GIS软件,定量分析了长江三角洲旅游景点可达性。通过分析发现:长江三角洲旅游景点资源的可达性较好,整个区域的平均可达性时间为25.89 min,景点的可达性在30 min以内的区域达到了69.79%,可达性空间分布具有明显的交通指向性,人文景点可达性好的区域相对于自然景点更加集中。并以县域为统计单元,分析了所有景点、人文景点、自然景点三种类型的空间关联情况,均呈弱集聚格局,可达性热点区域的分布都表现为以上海为核心的圈层结构,冷点区域分布在长江三角洲区域的外围地区。在上述分析的基础上,将影响景点可达性的因素归纳为4个,即:旅游景点分布、路网结构的地区差异、自然环境和人文环境。     

磷钼蓝光度法测定海藻中磷的含量

采用对P的特异性高、共存离子干扰小、显色稳定的钼蓝分光光度法,以抗坏血酸作为还原剂,通过在酸性条件下PO43-与钼酸铵结合生成磷钼酸铵,并经对苯二酚、亚硫酸钠还原成蓝色化合物-钼蓝,在其最大吸收波长660 nm条件下,对海带标准样品进行了测定.该方法所用试剂少、操作简便、测定速度快,测定结果精度高、准确度好,回收率为99.1%～100.5%,是一种简便、快捷测定海藻体内总磷含量的方法.     

铜锈环棱螺对镉污染沉积物慢性胁迫的生物标志物响应

沉积物毒性测试是评价水生态系统中沉积物污染生态风险的重要手段.建立合适的毒性测试生物是进行沉积物毒性测试的基本前提.铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)在我国淡水水体中分布广泛,具有重要的生态价值.本研究将实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺暴露于不同含量的镉加标沉积物中28d,以评价该物种在镉污染沉积物慢性胁迫下生物标志物响应的敏感性.结果表明,除了谷胱甘肽(GSH)相对不敏感外,壳长增长率、肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、以及肝胰脏和肾脏中的金属硫蛋白(MT)均表现出相对较高的敏感性,可用作重金属污染沉积物慢性胁迫的有效生物标志物.尤其是肝胰脏SOD和CAT可以用作指示低水平镉污染沉积物长期污染胁迫下的敏感生物标志物.此外,该物种的实验室培养和毒性测试操作容易进行,可以考虑将铜锈环棱螺作为我国淡水沉积物毒性评价的候选物种.     

BBS在项目安全管理中的应用

BBS（Behavior-Based Safety,基于行为的安全）是一种通过对职工作业行为安全的观察,经过系统统计分析查找项目施工中主要的不安全因素,进而督促改进以达到改善职工行为安全的管理手段。