中国生态环境补偿费的理论与实践

在分析、总结国内外有关环境价值理论研究和生态补偿费征收工作实践经验的基础上,对生态环境补偿机制和生态环境补偿费政策的基本框架进行了较为深入的探讨。结果表明,自然要素所固有的生态环境价值是生态环境补偿的理论依据,征收生态环境补偿费是对环境破坏导致的生态环境价值损失的一种补偿。但是,在我国,生态环境补偿费的征收标准应当建立在我国国情所容许的基础之上,既要为保护和改善生态环境积累一定的的资金,又不能对国民经济发展和人民生活造成大的影响。同时,在资金的征收和管理上,应当与国家现有的生态环境管理体制相适应,与加强生态环境保护的统一监督管理机制有机地结合起来。     

Anaerobic degradation of xenobiotic organic contaminants (XOCs): The role of electron flow and potential enhancing strategies

In groundwater, deep soil layer, sediment, the widespread of xenobiotic organic contaminants (XOCs) have been leading to the concern of human health and eco-environment safety, which calls for a better understanding on the fate and remediation of XOCs in anoxic matrices. In the absence of oxygen, bacteria utilize various oxidized substances, e.g. nitrate, sulphate, metallic (hydr)oxides, humic substance, as terminal electron acceptors (TEAs) to fuel anaerobic XOCs degradation. Although there have been increasing anaerobic biodegradation studies focusing on species identification, degrading pathways, community dynamics, systematic reviews on the underlying mechanism of anaerobic contaminants removal from the perspective of electron flow are limited. In this review, we provide the insight on anaerobic biodegradation from electrons aspect — electron production, transport, and consumption. The mechanism of the coupling between TEAs reduction and pollutants degradation is deconstructed in the level of community, pure culture, and cellular biochemistry. Hereby, relevant strategies to promote anaerobic biodegradation are proposed for guiding to an efficient XOCs bioremediation.     

储罐底板维修决策方法研究

储罐底板腐蚀是储罐失效的主要原因之一,对底板的腐蚀检测方法目前有很多种。每种方法都有自己的优势,但同时也存在着相应的弊端。通过在实践应用中对比漏磁检测与超声测厚检测方法,分别指出两种检测方法的优势与实践应用中存在的问题,提出应综合应用两种方法来提高效率和确保准确性。为更好地利用检测技术保障储罐安全提出参考建议。     

Source separation of household waste: a case study in China

A pilot program concerning source separation of household waste was launched in Hangzhou, capital city of Zhejiang province, China. Detailed investigations on the composition and properties of household waste in the experimental communities revealed that high water content and high percentage of food waste are the main limiting factors in the recovery of recyclables, especially paper from household waste, and the main contributors to the high cost and low efficiency of waste disposal. On the basis of the investigation, a novel source separation method, according to which household waste was classified as food waste, dry waste and harmful waste, was proposed and performed in four selected communities. In addition, a corresponding household waste management system that involves all stakeholders, a recovery system and a mechanical dehydration system for food waste were constituted to promote source separation activity. Performances and the questionnaire survey results showed that the active support and investment of a real estate company and a community residential committee play important roles in enhancing public participation and awareness of the importance of waste source separation. In comparison with the conventional mixed collection and transportation system of household waste, the established source separation and management system is cost-effective. It could be extended to the entire city and used by other cities in China as a source of reference.     

室内空气中挥发性有机物的释放特征分析

房屋装修后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月采集其室内空气样品进行甲醛、苯系物浓度的测定,分析释放规律;另选某处新居于装修后24 h、1周、1个月且密闭状态下采集室内空气中总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)样品分析研究.结果表明,房屋装修后12个月内甲醛浓度随时间呈非线性递减,多项式回归方程为:y=0.277 13-0.199 72x+0.079 74x2-0.011 67x3+0.000 525 61x4,其中y为甲醛质量浓度,mg/m3;x为时间,月;各苯系物浓度也随时间呈逐渐下降趋势,且通过SPSS13.0软件进行Spearman相关性分析,发现各苯系物间显著相关;装修后不同时间段室内空气中TVOC组分发生变化,随着房屋封闭时间延长,TVOC浓度超标严重;TVOC组分的增多或减少是由于室内装修材料TVOC释放的增强或减弱,以及门窗缝隙所带来的微弱通风造成,无二次污染物的生成.     

无机碳对浮游藻类生长和群落结构的影响

采用水族箱生态模拟方法,利用碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠作为碱度调节剂设置不同碱度水平,研究了氮磷营养相对充足的试验水体中藻类各相关指标对无机碳的响应,并对试验过程中所测得的理化指标和生物指标进行统计分析.研究表明:富营养水体无机碳含量与藻类叶绿素水平存在着正相关关系;适当增加水体中的无机碳浓度能够改变蓝、绿藻门种类比例;当碱度水平达到一定程度时,铜绿微囊藻可以逐渐成为优势种,并从体系中上升,演替成为水华.     

蒽醌染料及中间体脱色优势菌的特性研究和基因定位

本文对分离到的两株蒽醌染料脱色优势菌的脱色能力及其基因定位进行了研究,结果表明,ＮＤ１,ＮＤ２均能有效脱除活性艳蓝ＫＮ－Ｒ及溴氨酸的色度;两株优势菌均含有质粒,其降解染料的能力是由质粒控制的;并考察了不同碳源、氧、温度、ｐＨ值等理化因素对菌株降解染料的影响。     

活性污泥胞外多聚物的研究进展

本文阐明研究胞外多聚物的重要性入手,从它的性质,来源,在污水和污泥处理中各方面的影响作用,以及胞多聚物的分离提取方法几方面,综述了活性污泥胞外多聚物的研究发展和现状,并提出了一些可供进一步的探索的问题。     

干旱指标及其在新疆阿勒泰地区干旱监测分析中的应用

干旱是限制新疆阿勒泰地区农牧业生产可持续发展最主要的自然灾害之一,研究适合该区的干旱指标,是进行有效干旱监测的基础。采用新疆阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961-2008年4-10月月平均气温、降水量资料,首先通过Thomthwaite方法计算潜在蒸发量确定K干旱指数,然后对R指数、Z指数、K指数3种干旱指标进行了分析,结果表明,在监测诊断干旱轻重程度上,K指数能较客观地反映出干旱程度,R指数和Z指数监测干旱程度较轻。在此基础上,基于K指数建立的阿勒泰地区干旱监测评价的强度指数和面积指数,对该地区近48年来干旱的变化进行了分析,表明该地区干旱灾害主要集中在春夏季节,春夏连旱几率较高,强度较大;该地区干旱灾害具有阶段性特征,近年来干旱发生的频次有增多的趋势,其中秋季干旱相对较为明显。     

活性污泥吸附废水中的铍

探讨了活性污泥吸附处理含铍废水的吸附动力学特性及吸附模型,研究了吸附后铍在活性污泥上的存在形态。实验结果表明,铍离子在活性污泥上的吸附行为遵循二级动力学规律,活性污泥在溶液中的分散性非常好,污泥微孔内扩散效应不是吸附过程的主要控制步骤,扩散速率主要由液相向固相的传质速率所控制,铍在污泥上的吸附主要为快速的表面吸附。铍在活性污泥上的吸附数据既可用Freundlich方程描述,也符合Langmuir吸附规律,Langmuir曲线的相关性还较Freundlich曲线高,吸附过程受温度影响不大,通过对处理后污泥的连续提取实验研究可知,处理后的活性污泥中铍的主要存在形态为有机结合态、残渣态和交换态。