四溴联苯醚对小鼠的神经毒性

为探讨持久性有机污染物2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对小鼠海马组织的神经毒性,将小鼠每日灌胃25或50 mg·kg-1剂量的BDE-47,6周后检测其记忆能力、海马组织病理学变化、蛋白激酶C(PKC)表达量和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)活性。结果显示,BDE-47损伤了小鼠被动回避实验的记忆保持能力,导致海马安蒙角(CA1)区锥体细胞排列紊乱,神经元胞体体积变小,形态不规则。BDE-47对小鼠海马组织PKCα、β、γ和ζ的表达无影响,但显著上调了PKCδ和PKCλ的表达,促进了caspase-3活性。这些结果提示,BDE-47导致的海马神经毒性可能与PKCδ和PKCλ表达异常及caspase-3活性升高有关。本实验结果为进一步了解BDE-47神经毒作用机制提供了实验依据。     

Deoxynivalenol impairs proliferation and induces apoptosis in primary murine osteoblasts

The effects of deoxynivalenol in different dose including 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 1500 µg/L on primary cranial osteoblasts from fetal mice were investigated. Fluorescence staining, flow cytometric measurement, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol 2-y1)-3,5-di-phenyltetrazolium bromide assay, quantitative PCR, and Western blot were used for the test. Mineralization and proliferation of osteoblasts decreased upon 100 µg/L and higher deoxynivalenol treatment and apoptosis of osteoblasts was increased upon 500, 1000, and 1500 µg/L deoxynivalenol treatment. Karyopyknosis, membrane breakage, and a decreased number of calcium nodes were also observed upon 500 µg/L deoxynivalenol treatment. The mRNA and protein levels of B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein were upregulated, B-cell lymphoma-2 protein downregulated with increasing concentrations of deoxynivalenol treatment and their ratio increased. Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis of osteoblasts, suggesting a mechanism by which deoxynivalenol can affect murine skeletal development.     

太湖流域水环境风险预警系统构建

从流域整体性和系统性的理念出发,调查分析太湖流域社会经济、资源开发利用等人类活动与水环境质量变化的关系,进行太湖流域水环境风险预警的需求分析,提出了太湖流域水环境风险预警系统的总体目标和结构设计,构建了包括预警方案订制、风险预警模型库和预测结果三维展示3个子系统为一体的太湖流域水环境风险预警系统,为太湖流域水环境风险评估与预警平台构建奠定基础。     

基于气候调节的城市通风道探析

近年来,夏季炎热的气候和愈来愈强的热岛效应使城市饱受因挠,而城市设计策略中缺乏有效的生态规划方法来解决目前存在的问题,城市对炎热气候的适应性不足。论文在利用CFD(计算流体动力学)技术进行实例模拟分析的基础上,重点介绍了一种在城市尺度进行节能设计的新方法:在城市中建立多种形式的通风道,提高城市的通风和排热能力,以达到利用自然资源和有效的规划方式降低夏季城市“热岛”温度、节约能源的目的。文中详细论述了通风道的可行性和必要性、营建方式、注意原则等问题,并进行了一系列的计算机风场模拟研究。     

A technical and economic comparison of biofiltration and wet chemical oxidation (scrubbing) for odor control at wastewater treatment plants

An economic and technical comparison of two odor control systems, a biofilter and a chemical wet scrubber, was conducted over a 1-year time period at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. The biofilter system was designed to remove hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from four covered gravity sludge thickeners, a gravity sludge thickener effluent channel and an influent splitter box for the gravity sludge thickeners. The sodium hypochlorite/sodium hydroxide wet scrubber was designed to control hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from the covered primary settling tanks, influent distribution channels and effluent channel, and the mixing tank effluent channel. The technical comparison comprised their overall removal rates and efficiencies based on inlet H₂S concentrations and other operating variables. The economic comparison was designed to provide the cost per cubic meter of H₂S removed for each system. Influent and effluent gas samples were collected on a weekly basis. H₂S concentration levels were determined through the use of gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector. The results showed that the H₂S inlet gas concentration has a seasonal change with a maximum value occurring in August and September. The effluent H₂S concentration was lower than 2 ppm_v for both systems for most of the samples. The efficiency for both the biofilter and wet scrubber was above 95%, and was related to the operating and ambient conditions. The economic comparison revealed that the actual unit cost for the biofilter was higher than for the wet scrubber (U.S.160 /m < SUP > 3 < /SUP > H < SUB > 2 < /SUB > S removed versus U.S.160 /m³ H₂S removed versus U.S.131 /m³ H₂S removed). For both the biofilter and the wet scrubber, the investment costs are affected by the size/scale of the system, the design flow and other factors. For these systems, the mulch change costs, chemical usage costs, maintenance costs and power usage costs were mainly dependent on the actual odor gas loadings which showed substantial seasonal fluctuations as a function of the seasonal temperature. The worst case conditions reported here indicate that the H₂S concentrations generated during the summer months should be used to determine the design load.     

Virus retention and transport as influenced by different forms of soil organic matter

Organic materials are widespread in natural soil and aquatic environments. Their effect on virus transport is very important in assessing the risk for contamination of ground water by viruses. This study aimed to determine how different forms (mineral-associated and dissolved) of natural organic matter influence the retention and transport of two bacteriophages (MS-2 and phiX174) in two porous media (a sand and a soil). We found that mineral-associated organic matter significantly promoted the transport of one virus (MS-2) but not the other (phiX174) in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. Similarly, MS-2 was retained less in sand columns with increasing concentrations of dissolved humic acid, while little effect was observed for phiX174 under the same conditions. The two viruses have different surface properties and thus exhibited different reactivity to the metal oxides present on sand particles and were affected differently by organic matter. Because the organic matter used in the study was negatively charged and hydrophilic, blocking of virus sorption sites and increasing of virus-medium electrostatic repulsion arising from modification of the sand and virus surface by organic matter are probably responsible for the facilitated transport. For dissolved humic acid, its competition for sorption sites with viruses was an additional mechanism involved. This study suggests that the effect of organic matter varied depending on the organic material properties and the type of viruses involved. As a general trend, the effect of organic matter was dominated by electrostatic rather than hydrophobic interactions.     

用CO_2改性碱渣废水强化炼油废水的硝化效能

针对炼油废水缺乏碱度而硝化效能受限问题,以CO_2曝气处理后的改性碱渣废水为碱度补充剂,按一定配比加入炼油废水好氧阶段以强化硝化效能。实验结果表明:经流量为1 L/min的CO_2连续曝气处理5 h后,碱渣废水p H可降至7.2~7.8,钙元素质量浓度可降低90.65%,并去除了部分汞、砷等有毒重金属;将该改性碱渣废水以1∶99的体积比加入炼油废水并进行生化处理,COD去除率可达90.2%;相较于未补充碱渣的炼油废水,出水ρ(NO3--N)提高25%~30%,硝化细菌菌群密度增加52%,污泥絮体形态结构未发生改变。     

Evaluating Beijing’s human carrying capacity from the perspective of water resource constraints

As the demands on limited water resources intensify, concerns are being raised about the human carrying capacity of these resources. However, few researchers have studied the carrying capacity of regional water resources. Beijing, the second-largest city in China, faces a critical water shortage that will limit the city’s future development. We developed a method to quantify the carrying capacity of Beijing’s water resources by considering water-use structures based on the proportions of water used for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes. We defined a reference structure as 45:22:33 (% of total, respectively), an optimized structure as 40:20:40, and an ideal structure as 50:15:35. We also considered four domestic water quotas: 55, 75, 95, and 115 m 3 /(person·yr). The urban carrying capacity of 10–12 million was closest to Beijing’s actual 2003 population for all three water-use structures with urban domestic water use of 75 m 3 /(person·yr). However, after accounting for our underlying assumptions, the adjusted carrying capacity is closer to 5–6 million. Thus, Beijing’s population in 2003 was almost twice the adjusted carrying capacity. Based on this result, we discussed the ecological and environmental problems created by Beijing’s excessive population and propose measures to mitigate these problems.     

膨胀石墨除油机理及影响因素研究

针对水面浮油的去除问题,通过对新型吸附材料-膨胀石墨的扫描电镜观察,从其结构特征的角度揭示了膨胀石墨的吸油机理,首次系统地研究了温度、时间、pH等操作条件对吸附油性能的影响。扫描电镜的结果显示膨胀石墨的鳞片厚度都在100 nm以上,而且以大孔、超大孔为主,这种结构赋予了膨胀石墨独特的吸附特性。操作条件对膨胀石墨的吸附性能有重要的影响,在本实验条件下即在酸（中）性条件下,吸附时间1 min-2 min左右,转速为660 r/min膨胀石墨可达到饱和吸附量。     

从美国最大炼油公司火灾爆炸事故谈工艺安全管理

在介绍工艺安全管理基本概念的基础上,以美国最大炼油商Valero McKee炼油厂的火灾爆炸事故为倒.分析T Valero McKee炼油厂所存在的工艺安全管理问题,进而阐述了做细做实工艺安全管理工作的要点.