乌兰察布市生态旅游建设探讨

本文通过对乌兰察布市生态旅游资源现状的简要分析，提出该城市生态旅游开发所应遵循的基本要求、原则和对策，从而达到保护环境、提升城市价值的战略目标。     

Valuing high-seas ecosystem conservation

The high seas provide a variety of ecosystem services that benefit society. There have, however, been few attempts to quantify the human welfare impacts of changes to the delivery of these benefits. We assessed the values of several key ecosystem service benefits derived from protecting ecosystems in the high seas of the Flemish Cap through choice experiments conducted in Canada, Norway, and Scotland. Rather than solely eliciting public willingness to pay, we also explored the determinants of variance in the estimates of willingness to pay. We aimed to determine how much respondents were willing to pay for high-seas ecosystems conservation, which factors influence individuals’ willingness to pay, and whether individuals in Canada had a higher willingness to pay relative to those living in Norway and Scotland. This latter point captures distance-decay effects. On average, the public placed positive value on conserving high-seas ecosystems and on developing economic activities related to the exploitation and exploration of marine resources, despite a lack of awareness and familiarity with these environments. Distance-decay effects on willingness to pay were not clear. Scots had the highest willingness to pay and the Norwegians the lowest willingness to pay for all attributes, with the only exception being willingness to pay for a large increase in new jobs, in which case Canadians’ willingness to pay was higher than Scots’. The public's willingness to pay was influenced by sociodemographic characteristics and their perceptions of high-seas ecosystems. Our results provide evidence of the impacts of high-seas governance on human welfare and that improved governance could increase the value people place on high-seas ecosystems and the services they produce.     

长三角城郊冬夏PM2.5中铵盐的形成过程及来源解析

气溶胶铵盐(p-NH⁺₄)作为大气气溶胶细颗粒物(PM_2.5)中主要的二次无机气溶胶(SIAs)污染物，在灰霾形成过程中起重要作用.然而对于大气中NH_x(p-NH⁺₄和NH₃)各潜在来源的贡献仍存在争议.分别于2015年冬季和夏季在苏州东山半岛采集了3 h高频大气气溶胶PM_2.5样品，测定总氮(TN)和p-NH⁺₄的质量浓度及其δ¹⁵N同位素比值，并结合贝叶斯模型(SIAR)模拟，定量解析了PM_2.5中铵盐的生成过程和来源.结果表明，在冬夏两季SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄均为主要的水溶性离子，占比总和超过70%.PM_2.5、 TN和p-NH⁺     

基于系统动力学(SD)的民航可持续安全发展决策研究

为了解决民航行业保障能力与发展需求之间的矛盾所带来的安全问题,在对民航行业进行系统分析的基础上,利用系统动力学方法建立了民航可持续安全发展决策流图。通过专家访谈和文献分析法构建了3种政策场景。利用Vensim软件对模型进行了仿真,结果表明:在保障能力不变的条件下,2015年将航班审批率降低0.3,可实现行业的安全目标,但航班量在2015—2025年发展十分缓慢;在发展水平不变的条件下,2015年将保障能力提高0.3,可在2021年实现行业的安全目标;在可持续发展的策略下,在2015—2018年将航班审批率降低0.3、2018年之后将航班审批率提高0.4,在2015年将保障能力提高0.2,可实现我国民航行业的可持续安全发展。     

高效液相色谱检测青海湖嗜盐菌胞内积聚的相溶物质四氢嘧啶

从20份青海湖水样中,分离获得了35株中度嗜盐菌株.耐盐梯度实验表明:水体中以中度嗜盐菌为主,约占65.7%;弱嗜盐菌次之,约占25.7%;非嗜盐菌与耐盐菌相对较少,约占8.5%.采用80%乙醇法抽提中度嗜盐菌胞内的Ectoine,利用TLC和HPLC分析,结果表明:青海湖中度嗜盐菌中,大多数胞内积聚相溶物质Ectoine;在最适生长盐度下,中度嗜盐菌QHL1、QHL5、QHL10、QHL26和QHL28的胞内Ectoine含量分别为258.6μg·mL-1、325.47μg·mL-1、208.8μg·mL-1、292.31μg·mL-1和295.13μg·mL-1,以此初步获得5株具有Ectoine高产潜力的野生菌株.     

赛里木湖和喀纳斯湖水体中CODMn与TOC相关性分析

分析2012年赛里木湖和喀纳斯湖湖区和主要出入湖河流水质,测定总有机碳(TOC)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn),研究他们之间的相关性,建立TOC和CODMn的线性回归方程,统计计算值与实测值的相对误差.研究结果表明,CODMn和TOC呈现良好相关性,相关系数为0.854((p＜0.01,n=42);赛里木湖和喀纳斯湖通过TOC计算CODMn的回归方程分别为CODMn=1.302TOC+0.36(R =0.966,α＜0.01)和CODMn=0.594TOC+0.661(R=0.823,α＜0.01);计算值与实测值相对误差范围是3.2％～16.7％.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场甲烷气资源的产量估算及其利用

本文论述了填埋场甲烷气体的产生过程及影响因素，介绍了三种产气量估算方法及其主要特点、适用范围，并指出运用数学模型对产气量作出预测，为垃圾填埋场气体收集与处理系统的设计提供可靠的依据。同时，论述了甲烷气体的减排和综合利用措施。     

选择性抑制技术测定活性污泥细菌、真菌活性分布的适用性分析

以葡萄糖为唯一碳源,采用放线菌酮和硫酸链霉素作为真菌、细菌抗生素以抑制其活性,以基质诱导耗氧速率为考察指标,以好氧污泥、土壤污泥以及厌氧污泥为研究对象,对选择性抑制技术测定活性污泥中细菌、真菌分布的适用性进行了系统评估.随抗生素的投加,好氧污泥和土壤污泥的耗氧速率减小,厌氧污泥的耗氧速率反而增大,此方法对厌氧污泥不适用.当放线菌酮为1mg/g、硫酸链霉素为2mg/g时,抗生素对好氧污泥的抑制功效即D值为1,但并不能通过改变投药量使土壤污泥D值接近于1,说明所用抗生素对好氧污泥活性具有选择性抑制作用,而对土壤污泥活性抑制不具选择性.结果表明,选择性抑制技术能够用于测定好氧活性污泥中细菌和真菌的数量分布,但也存在着抗生素抑制作用失效、不完全抑制和实验结果精确度不高等问题,因此需要在抗生素选择、微生物活性指标选择等方面进行更深入的研究.     

A Yin‐Yang approach to education policy regarding health and the environment: early‐careerists' image of the future and priority programmes

Since the inception of sustainable development (SD), there has been a somewhat ignored contradiction between paradigms that are ecosystem‐based and paradigms that are human‐based or purely economic. We suggest that this contradiction can be unified through a balance of the two. The Chinese Yin‐Yang philosophy is applied as a tool or approach to seeking balance between these ecocentric and anthropocentric paradigms. Priority education policy design for the merging of ecology and health are projected through an Ecohealth lens in response to increasing SD challenges and the intention of the international Ecohealth organization to contribute to SD goals. Meeting SD goals along the nexus of health and environment is further considered through early‐careerist cultural assessments and projections. The groups considered for their professional image of the future are: members of the Ecohealth Association Student Section and Chinese early‐careerists participating in a related conference. In response to SD goals, a problem‐based learning design is suggested as an education policy priority. Rather than approaching SD as a boolean concept, for example, by either focusing on ecosystem sustainability or economic development, we suggest education policy for programmes and curriculums that will help emerging professionals balance these paradigms, so as to best address national and global challenges.     

泰乐菌素的微生物降解途径及其降解产物研究

研究了越南伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis)对泰乐菌素的降解能力,并通过对降解产物的分析,推测了泰乐菌素的微生物降解途径.在自主筛选驯化分离到1株泰乐菌素高效降解菌B.vietnamiensis的基础上,采用高效液相色谱法测定其在不同条件下降解泰乐菌素的能力,并利用制备液相色谱分离纯化降解产物,质谱鉴定其结构.实验结果表明:B.vietnamiensis能高度耐受并快速降解泰乐菌素,用B.vietnamiensis处理初始浓度为50、100、200、300、400或500 mg·L-1的泰乐菌素培养基7 d,泰乐菌素的降解率均达到99%以上.B.vietnamiensis降解泰乐菌素的可能途径是:泰乐菌素A首先脱去碳霉糖转化为泰乐菌素B,然后分子中内酯键和醛基再经水解和还原生成2个新的降解产物.研究结果为泰乐菌素微生物降解机制的研究以及在此基础上降解酶的确定提供有价值的技术参考.