生物技术与植物纤维性废弃资源的综合利用

禾谷类作物的秸秆、棉籽壳、椰子壳、甘蔗渣、菠萝和香蕉叶等农业废弃物含有丰富的生物纤维,是一种可再生和再利用的植物纤维性资源。生物纤维是食品、医药、纺织、造纸、复合材料和精细化工等工业的重要原料。全球每年所产农业废弃物中生物纤维总量约2×10¹¹t,我国每年可产农作物秸秆约6×10⁸t,蔗渣和蔗梢约2000×10⁴t,油料秸秆约3000×10⁴t。生物技术的发展极大地促进了农业废弃物中生物纤维资源的开发和综合利用,催生了多种新型环境友好的“绿色”工业。论文分析了农业废弃物中生物纤维的理化特性以及工业化应用价值及途径,重点论述生物技术在以植物纤维性资源为原料生产单细胞蛋白、酶制剂、乳酸、木糖醇、生物可降解复合材料、燃料酒精和生物电能等方面的研发进展,并讨论植物纤维性资源综合利用目前存在的问题和挑战以及发展前景。     

2015-2019年成渝城市群臭氧浓度时空变化特征及人口暴露风险评价

近年来O₃污染给人类健康带来了很大威胁.本文利用2015—2019年中国环境监测总站的O₃地表监测数据,通过Global Moran''s I和Getis-Ord G^*指数等方法,分析了成渝城市群O₃浓度的时空变化特征,并利用空间插值和LandScan人口格网分布数据,基于人口暴露风险模型对该地区的O₃人口暴露风险进行了评价.结果表明：①2015—2019年成渝城市群O₃浓度总超标比例为6.9%,年际变化呈先上升后下降趋势,逐月变化呈"双峰型",5月和8月达到峰值,12月最低,季节变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,日变化呈"单峰型",8：30左右开始升高,16：00左右达到峰值;②2015—2019年成渝城市群O₃浓度呈现出由成都及周边城市为污染中心向以成都市和重庆市为首尾的"带状"污染空间格局发展的趋势,且空间自相关性较强,逐步形成以成都市和重庆市为双中心的高浓度集聚特征;③2015—2019年成渝城市群平均O₃人口暴露风险指数处于较低风险,但空间分布差异较大,人口暴露高风险地区主要集中于成都市、内江市、自贡市、德阳市、泸州市北部及重庆市主城区,低风险地区主要集中于东西片区、绵阳市北部及成渝城市群边界,中部高风险区域有向西南方向转移的趋势,重庆市南部有高风险向极高风险转化的趋势,同时,成都市和重庆市存在显著的高风险指数集聚特征.     

超声破解污泥影响因素分析

超声破解是促进污泥快速厌氧消化的一项新技术,不仅超声波参数直接影响污泥破解效果,而且污泥性质和辅助条件也影响污泥破解效果.以污泥溶解性化学需氧量增加值(SCOD )和污泥破解度(DDSCOD)为评价参数,通过超声破解不同性质污泥试验,得出污泥的初始温度、pH值和污泥浓度等参数对污泥破解效果起重要作用.增加搅拌和曝气辅助条件破解污泥的试验,得出间歇搅拌和曝气能增强污泥超声破解效果.     

Quantitative analysis of microplastics in coastal tidal-flat reclamation in Dongtai,China

• Reclamation projects are important disturbances on microplastic risk in coasts. • Tidal-flat reclamation area is a large storage medium for sedimentary microplastics. • Aging and distribution features of soil microplastics show spatial heterogeneity. • Coastal weathered engineering geotextiles are a significant threat to marine health. Coastal tidal flats have received considerable attention in recent years, as they provide a direct channel for the discharge of terrestrial microplastics into the ocean. Land reclamation is occurring increasingly frequently in coastal tidal-flats; however, the environmental impacts of these activities remain unclear. Therefore, this pioneering study assessed the microplastic emission characteristics of reclamation geotextiles and performed a risk assessment accordingly. Morphological characterization of geotextile samples collected from five sites in Dongtai, China, provided evidence of sedimentary weathering. Based on several assumptions, the average abundance of microplastics in soil covered by geotextiles was estimated to reach 349±137 particles/kg dry weight, with the total microplastic load in the reclaimed area estimated to be 20.67±8.06 t. Compared with previous studies, this research demonstrates that coastal reclamation areas store a high concentration of microplastics, aggravating marine microplastic pollution. Moreover, conditional fragmentation model results revealed that the weathering and distribution characteristics of soil microplastics in coastal tidal-flat areas exhibit spatial heterogeneity, being more easily affected by natural factors (such as tides) than those in inland areas. As a result of tides, the annual discharge of geotextile-originating microplastics from the studied areas into the ocean was approximately 2465.52±960.77 t. These findings prove that the risks posed by engineering-microplastics are significant, indicating that further investigations are required on the precise laws of transfer and migration, as well as the toxicity mechanisms, in order to improve analytical techniques and policies in this field.     

背角无齿蚌AwPrx4A基因克隆及在PFOS和PFOA胁迫下的表达分析

硫氧化蛋白过氧化物酶(Prx)可以将过氧化氢、有机过氧化物和过氧化合物分别转化为水、乙醇和亚硝酸盐,是机体一种重要的抗氧化蛋白。为了探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)对背角无齿蚌的胁迫效应,背角无齿蚌随机分为对照组、PFOS处理组和PFOA处理组;同时克隆出AwPrx4A全基因序列,分析PFOS和PFOA对AwPrx4A表达的影响。背角无齿蚌AwPrx4A cDNA全长由958个核苷酸组成,包含1个120 bp的5’非编码区,1个412 bp的3’非编码区和1个426 bp的开放阅读框,开放阅读框为由142个氨基酸组成的多肽链。PFOS和PFOA对背角无齿蚌的LC50分别为28.388和192.083 mg·L~(-1)。与对照组相比,浓度6.25、12.5、25、50和100 mg·L~(-1)的PFOS处理后,实验观察过程中肝胰腺中AwPrx4A mRNA水平分别增加了18.75%、2.85倍(P 0.05)、5.08倍(P 0.01)、5.52倍(P 0.01)和6.77倍(P 0.01)以上。与对照组相比,浓度50、100、200、400和800 mg·L~(-1)的PFOA处理后,实验观察过程中肝胰腺AwPrx4A mRNA水平分别增加了20.83%、2.21倍(P 0.01)、2.25倍(P 0.01)、3.19倍(P 0.01)和5.64倍(P 0.01)以上。与对照组相比,PFOS和PFOA处理后鳃中AwPrx4A mRNA水平分别增加了61.61%(P 0.05)和59.59%(P 0.05)以上。与对照组相比,PFOS和PFOA处理后血淋巴中AwPrx4A mRNA水平分别增加了47.42%和20.61%以上。结果表明,PFOS和PFOA处理对背角无齿蚌AwPrx4A表达具有明显的诱导作用,其原因与对抗PFOS和PFOA的胁迫效应有关。     

Isotopes for improved management of nitrate pollution in aqueous resources: review of surface water field studies

Background  

Environmental agencies have to take measures to either reduce discharges and emissions of nitrate or to remediate nitrate-polluted water bodies where the nitrate concentrations exceed threshold values. Isotope data can support the identification of nitrate pollution sources and natural attenuation processes of nitrate.     

南方某水源水中天然有机物的特点及氯胺对氯化消毒副产物的控制

在对天然有机物分类的基础上进行了水体中有机物的特性研究,并采用氯胺对不同特性有机物的氯化消毒副产物进行了控制研究。结果表明,疏水酸占有机物总量的24%,疏水中性物质占41%,疏水性有机物占67%;对于三卤甲烷类消毒副产物生成势,疏水酸所产生的最多,疏水碱次之,亲水酸最少;对于卤乙酸类消毒副产物生成势,疏水碱产生的三卤乙酸最多,其次为疏水酸,亲水酸最少。氯胺对不同类有机物氯化消毒副产物控制程度不同,氯胺对疏水中性物质控制三卤甲烷类消毒副产物最好,其次是疏水碱和亲水碱;对疏水酸的三卤甲烷生成量控制较弱,对亲水酸的控制效果最差;氯胺对亲水碱氯化产生卤乙酸的控制效果最好,其次是疏水碱,控制效果最差的为疏水中性物质。     

一台气相色谱仪同时测定陆地生态系统CO2、CH4和N2O排放

通过对气相色谱仪进样、分析气路和阀驱动系统的改造 ,同一台色谱仪可以同时检测空气样品中的CO2 、CH4和N2 O。测试结果表明 ,仪器的灵敏度、分辨率和精密度均很高 ,线性范围符合要求 ;仪器系统能够在野外实验室长期稳定运转 ,可方便用于测定陆地生态系统CO2 、CH4和N2 O排放 ,能快速、准确、可靠地获取观测数据。     

Significant influences of TiO2 crystal structures on NO2 and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis

The emissions of NO₂ and HONO from the KNO₃ photolysis in the presence of TiO₂ were measured using a round-shape reactor coupled to a NO_x analyzer. TiO₂ played important roles in the emission flux density of NO₂ (R_NO2) and HONO (R_HONO), depending on crystal structures and mass ratios of TiO₂. R_NO2 and R_HONO significantly decreased with increasing the rutile and anatase mass ratios from 0 to 8 and 0.5 wt.%, respectively. Nevertheless, with further increasing the anatase mass ratio to 8 wt.%, there was an increase in R_NO2 and R_HONO. R_NO2 on KNO₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ had positive correlation with the KNO₃ mass (1–20 wt.%), irradiation intensity (80–400 W/m²) and temperature (278–308 K), while it had the maximum value at the relative humidity (RH) of 55%. R_HONO on KNO₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ slightly varied with the KNO₃ mass and temperature, whereas it increased with the irradiation intensity and RH. In addition, the mechanism for NO₂ and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis and atmospheric implications were discussed.     

基于动态贝叶斯网络的石化装置火灾事故动态风险分析

为揭示石油炼化装置事故风险动态特性和事故情景演变路径,在对石化装置进行风险因素分析的基础上构建石化装置火灾事故故障树,基于贝叶斯网络非常规突发事故的演变过程,构建情景演变下的动态贝叶斯网络模型,在综合考虑应急措施的基础上,利用MATLAB软件和联合概率公式计算出各种事故场景的状态概率.以丙烯精馏装置火灾事故为例,结果表...