浅析哈萨克斯坦共和国HSE法规要求及对策

在海外开展石油工程建设时,健康安全环保(HSE)管理人员往往按照原有国内经验或者HSE体系要求进行管理,而忽视了当地法规要求。在哈萨克斯坦共和国(以下简称哈国),中方HSE管理人员将面临着较大考验,因为哈国本身法规体系比较健全,政府执法也相对严格,如果不熟悉当地法律法规而发生违规行为,可能会被当地政府巨额罚款或者提起诉讼,从而严重干扰正常生产经营活动。文章就哈国HSE法规体系做一些探讨,对安全生产法规、消防法规、环境保护法规、健康管理法规进行介绍,并提出了有关对策和措施,希望能对后来者有所借鉴。     

HgCl2对斑马鱼SOD,AChE酶活性和基因相对转录量的影响

以HgCl2为实验毒物,研究其对斑马鱼的毒性效应,经染毒后,分别在第1天和第7天取斑马鱼的肌肉测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性,半定量RT-PCR检测肌肉中乙酰胆碱酯酶、细胞色素P450(CYP 1A)和超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)基因的相对转录量.结果显示HgCl2对斑马鱼的毒性很强...     

Distribution and chemical partitioning of heavy metals in marine near-shore sediment cores: a case study from the Xugou, Lianyungang, China

The concentrations and chemical partitioning of heavy metals (Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Pb) in the marine near-shore sediment cores were investigated. Typically, the mean concentrations from Core B sediment samples were 98.6, 21.1, 47.0, 46.4, 107.6, and 31.9 mg kg^???1 for Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations were normalized to commonly used reference elements Al, Li, Sc, and total organic carbon. Based on Pearson coefficients, Li was found to be a good normalizer for Co (r?= 0.974), Cr (r?= 0.967), Ni (r?= 0.898), and Zn (r?= 0.929) in 80 sediment samples from three sampling sites. However, the correlation coefficients between Li and Cu, and Li and Pb were relatively low. Multivariate statistic approaches (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis) were adopted for data treatment, allowing the identification of two main factors controlling the heavy metal variability in the sediments. Heavy metals in the enrichment sections were evaluated by a sequential extraction method for possible chemical forms in sediments. The results showed that the residual, Fe/Mn oxides and Organic/sulfide fractions were dominant geochemical phases in the enriched sections, indicating low bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments.     

温度对硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter)活性动力学影响

为探究温度对亚硝酸盐氧化细菌中硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)活性动力学影响,本试验采用序批式活性污泥(SBR)反应器,在通过改变系统进水亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)浓度达到富集Nitrobacter基础上,以富含Nitrobacter污泥为对象(宏基因组物种注释和丰度分析显示Nitrobacter占细菌总数40. 3%),考察不同NO_2~--N浓度梯度下亚硝酸盐氧化过程比亚硝态氮氧化速率(SNi OR)变化规律,基于Monod模型考察系统温度对Nitrobacter活性动力学影响,并进行统计学分析.结果表明,30℃条件下SNi OR达到最大(以N/VSS计),为1. 31 g·(g·d)~(-1).统计学分析结果显示,Monod方程可较好地反映不同温度条件下基质底物浓度对Nitrobacter活性影响.基于菲尔普斯方程计算不同温度区间内温度系数(θ)可知,当系统温度低于25℃或高于30℃时,反应速率随温度变化越敏感.     

通信铁塔影响建筑物防雷安全计算公式之合理性探讨

以一个发生过严重雷灾事故的屋顶通信铁塔为例,分别利用国际电信联盟ITU-K56《无线通讯基站的雷电防护》和国际电报电话咨询委员会CCITT《防雷手册》中的公式计算出建筑物安装了通信铁塔后的年预计雷击次数,并将之与未安装通信铁塔时的年预计雷击次数进行对比,两者的计算结果存在显著差异。基于雷击条件相似原则,参照移动公司通信铁塔每年遭受雷击次数的实际统计数据,对这两个计算公式的合理性问题进行了探讨。研究结果表明,CCITT《防雷手册》中的计算公式更具合理性,计算结果更加接近实际值,计算方法更能准确地评估铁塔对所在区域的建筑物及电子电气设备的防雷安全所造成的影响。     

水电工程建设对生态环境的影响及生态补偿机制研究

水电资源开发不仅能满足经济社会发展和人民生活需要,同时对于调整我国的能源消费结构及布局,实现可持续发展战略,具有十分重要的作用.但是,水电工程建设的过程中会破坏生态环境,其主要影响表现在对陆生和永生生态环境的影响上.为防止和缓解水利工程建设对该区域的经济及生态平衡的破坏,应尽快建立和实施生态补偿机制.在研究补偿主体、补偿对象、补偿标准和补偿方式基础上,提出了建立水电开发生态补偿机制的框架和思路.     

环境污染的经济分析及对策

本文对造成环境污染的经济学原因进行了分析 ,指出单纯依靠政府干预或单纯依靠市场都难以达到有效率地控制污染 ,只有通过政府干预 ,明确环境资源产权 ,才能利用市场机制优化环境资源配置     

Photolysis of mono- through deca-chlorinated biphenyls by ultraviolet irradiation in n-hexane and quantitative structure-property relationship analysis

The photolysis of 16 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） （including mono- through deca-chlorinated） in n-hexane was investigated under ultraviolet irradiation using a 500-W high-pressure mercury lamp. Photolysis of PCBs follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, with photolysis rate constants ranging between 0.0011 s^-1 for PCB-52 and 0.0574 s^-1 for PCB-118. The degradation rates of PCBs by high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation were remarkably independent with respect to the degree of chlorination. Furthermore, partial least squares （PLS） models were developed to provide insight into which aspect of the molecular structure influenced PCB photolysis rate constants. It was found that the photolysis rates of PCBs increased with an increase in the net charge on the carbon atom （qc）, （ELUMO-EHOMO）^2, and the Y-axis dipole moment （μy） values, or the decrease in the energy of the second highest occupied molecular orbital （EHOMO-1）, energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital （ELUMO）, ELUMO ＋ EHOMO, ELUMO - EHOMO, most positive atomic charge （q^＋）, and the twist angle of the chlorine atom （TA） values.     

圆盘式固相萃取HPLC法测定饮用水中微囊藻毒素LR和RR

采用固相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术（SPE／HPLC）测定饮用水的微囊藻毒索,并对SPE的萃取条件和HPLC的色谱条件进行了优化,对SPE的多项参数,诸如萃取率、检出限及测定限以及准确度和精密度均作了测试。通过实际水样进行了分析,该方法测定MC—LR（LR型微囊藻毒索）的线性范围为0．5～50ug／L,相关系数为0．9992;测定MC—RR（RR微囊藻毒索）的线性范围为0．5—50ug/L,相关系数为0．9989。SPE法之优于LLE法主要在于分析过程快速,有机溶剂使用量大大减少,方法更适合于大量水样中有机污染物的现场取样处理。