珠江三角洲四种森林类型土壤CO_2通量特征研究

采用开路式土壤CO2通量测量系统Li-8100＆Li-8150对珠江三角洲地区尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）人工林、乡土树种恢复林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林4种林型的土壤CO2通量进行了观测。结果表明：4种森林类型年均土壤CO2通量为尾叶桉人工林（3.35μmol.m-2.s-1）〉针阔叶混交林（2.66μmol.m-2.s-1）〉乡土树种恢复林（2.09μmol.m-2.s-1）〉常绿阔叶林（1.86μmol.m-2.s-1）;旱季土壤CO2通量明显小于雨季。前3种森林类型凋落物呼吸处理表明,旱季对照组土壤CO2通量均小于相应的去除凋落物组、雨季则相反,全年的对比结果显示,3种森林类型的凋落物呼吸贡献分别达到1.3%、7.1%和10.8%。土壤CO2通量与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,且土壤CO2通量温度敏感指数表现为针阔叶混交林Q10最大（3.49）,尾叶桉人工林Q10最小（1.95）。     

Source apportionment of ambient PM10 in urban areas of Wuxi, China

A total of 168 PM₁₀ samples were collected during the year of 2005 at eight sites in the city of Wuxi in China. Fifteen chemical elements, three water-soluble ions, total carbon and organic carbon were analyzed. Six source categories were identified and their contributions to ambient PM₁₀ in Wuxi were estimated using a nested chemical mass balance method that reduces the effects of colinearity on the chemical mass balance model. In addition, the concentrations of secondary aerosols, such as secondary organic carbon, sulfate and nitrate, were quantified. The spatially averaged PM₁₀ was high in the spring and winter (123 ??g·m^?3 and low in the summer-fall (90 ??g·m^?3). According to the result of source apportionment, resuspended dust was the largest contributor to ambient PM₁₀, accounting for more than 50% of the PM₁₀ mass. Coal combustion (14.6%) and vehicle exhaust (9.4%) were also significant source categories of ambient PM₁₀. Construction and cement dust, sulfates, secondary organic carbon, and nitrates made contributions ranging between 4.1% and 4.9%. Other source categories such as steel manufacturing dust and soil dust made low contributions to ambient PM₁₀.     

不同氮浓度冲击对颗粒污泥脱氮过程中N2 O产生量的影响

采用好氧-缺氧SBR污水生物处理系统,考察不同进水NH4+-N浓度冲击对同步硝化反硝化型颗粒污泥脱氮过中N2O的释放规律和脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当进水NH4+-N浓度分别从稳定的30 mg·L-1突然提高到40、60和80 mg·L-1时,氨氮去除率从80.04%降至61.40%、39.65%和31.02%,但氨氮的去除量变化不大,都在25 mg·L-1左右;另外,N2O产生量受进水NH4+-N冲击较小,在4个不同的进水NH4+-N浓度下,典型周期N2O产生量分别为3.019、3.489、3.271和3.490 mg·m-3,而且N2O释放速率都在0.004 5 mg·(m3·min)-1左右.同步硝化反硝化型颗粒污泥系统的好氧阶段和缺氧阶段均有N2O产生.不同的NH4+-N浓度冲击下,同步硝化反硝化型颗粒污泥系统对NH4+-N的去除量没有变化,但由于进水NH4+-N浓度的提高引起系统脱氮率显著下降.     

Using sediment resuspension to immobilize sedimentary phosphorus

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The response of the transformation of internal phosphorus (P) to resuspended sediment was investigated in the sediment-water system under different...     

The relationship between maternal perfluoroalkylated substances exposure and low birth weight of offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Some studies have shown that maternal perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) exposure may be associated with low birth weight (LBW) of offspring. We...     

断路器欠压脱扣器抗冲击设计

主要应用于舰船等有冲击场合的断路器，其抗冲击性能要求很高。介绍了断路器欠压脱扣器在抗冲击方面的设计方法，此方法可以有效地削弱冲击力对欠压脱扣器的影响。     

渤海湾大气金属元素沉降和来源解析研究

干湿沉降是污染物从大气进入到地表生态环境的主要途径.渤海湾临近大气污染严重的京津冀地区,同时受航运交通排放影响,但渤海湾大气金属元素沉降量及其来源并不十分清楚.本研究于2016年11月—2017年10月在渤海西岸采集了大气沉降样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对样品中25种金属元素的含量进行了测定分析,估算了大气金属沉降量并进行了源解析.结果表明:沉降样品中25种元素的浓度变化范围为2458.8μg·L~(-1)(Ca)～9.9 ng·L~(-1)(Th),年沉降量变化为1229.9 mg·m~(-2)·a~(-1)(Ca)～5.0μg·m~(-2)·a~(-1)(Th).受降水量季节分布的影响,多数金属元素的沉降量在夏季最高,春秋季较低.除Be、Fe、Ni、Cr、Al、Th和U等元素外,其余18种元素都有不同程度的富集,特别是Cd、Ag、Se和Sb等元素已高度富集.燃煤(12.8%)、扬尘(25.9%)、工业(33.1%)和航运(28.2%)是渤海湾沉降样品中金属元素的主要来源,尤其是航运排放对海湾大气Sb、Cd和Mo沉降具有显著贡献.研究结果可为京津冀区域海陆协同发展和环境质量改善提供科学参考.     

Stable-isotope probing of bacterial community for dissolved inorganic carbon utilization in Microcystis aeruginosa-dominated eutrophic water

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an important source of carbon in aquatic ecosystems, especially under conditions of increased frequency of cyanobacterial bloom. However, the importance of bacteria in direct or indirect utilization of DIC has been widely overlooked in eutrophic freshwater. To identify the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater during cyanobacterial bloom, stable-isotope probing (SIP) experiments were conducted on eutrophic river water with or without inoculation with cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa). Our 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed the significance of Betaproteobacteria, with similar relative abundance as Alphaproteobacteria, in the active assimilation of H¹³CO₃^? into their DNA directly or indirectly, which include autotrophic genera Betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Other bacterial groups containing autotrophic members, e.g. Planctomycetes and Nitrospira, also presented higher abundance among free-living bacteria in water without cyanobacteria. Microcystis aggregates showed a preference for some specific bacterial members that may utilize H¹³CO₃^? metabolized by Microcystis as organic matter, e.g. Bacteroidetes (Cytophagales, Sphingobacteriales), and microcystin-degrading bacteria Betaproteobacteria (Paucibacter/Burkholderiaceae). This study provides some valuable information regarding the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater.     

Removal characteristics of microplastics by Fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment

Microplastics have caused great concern worldwide recently due to their ubiquitous presence within the marine environment. Up to now, most attention has been paid to their sources, distributions, measurement methods, and especially their eco-toxicological effects. With microplastics being increasingly detected in freshwater, it is urgently necessary to evaluate their behaviors during coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Herein, the removal behavior of polyethylene (PE), which is easily suspended in water and is the main component of microplastics, was investigated with commonly used Fe-based salts. Results showed that although higher removal efficiency was induced for smaller PE particles, low PE removal efficiency (below 15%) was observed using the traditional coagulation process, and was little influenced by water characteristics. In comparison to solution pH, PAM addition played a more important role in increasing the removal efficiency, especially anionic PAM at high dosage (with efficiency up to 90.9%). The main reason was ascribed to the dense floc formation and high adsorption ability because of the positively charged Fe-based flocs under neutral conditions. For ultrafiltration, although PE particles could be completely rejected, slight membrane fouling was caused owing to their large particle size. The membrane flux decreased after coagulation; however, the membrane fouling was less severe than that induced by flocs alone due to the heterogeneous nature of the cake layer caused by PE, even at high dosages of Fe-based salts. Based on the behavior exhibited during coagulation and ultrafiltration, we believe these findings will have potential application in drinking water treatment.     

Investigation of adsorption/desorption behavior of Cr(Ⅵ) at the presence of inorganic and organic substance in membrane capacitive deionization(MCDI)

The adsorption and desorption behavior of Cr(Ⅵ) in membrane capacitive deionization(MCDI) was investigated systematically in the presence of bovine serum albumin(BSA) and KCl with different concentrations, respectively. Results revealed that Cr(Ⅵ) absorption was enhanced and the adsorption amount for Cr(Ⅵ) increased from 155.7 to 190.8 mg/g when KCl concentration increased from 100 to 200 mg/L in the adsorption process, which was attributed to the stronger driving force. However, the adsorption amount sharply decreased to 90.2 mg/g when KCl concentration reached up to 1000 mg/L suggesting the negative effect for Cr(Ⅵ) removal that high KCl concentration had. As for the effect of BSA on ion adsorption, the amount for Cr(Ⅵ) significantly declined to 78.3 mg/g and p H was found to be an important factor contributing to this significant reduction. Then, the desorption performance was also conducted and it was obtained that the presence of KCl had negligible effect on Cr(Ⅵ) desorption, while promoted by the addition of BSA. The incomplete desorption was obtained and the residual chromium ions onto the electrode after desorption was detected via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS). Based on above analysis, the enhanced removal mechanism for Cr(Ⅵ) in MCDI was found to be consisted of ion adsorption onto electrode surface, the redox reaction of Cr(Ⅵ) into Cr(III)and precipitation, which was demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and scanning electron microscope(SEM).