风险评价在HSE管理体系中的应用

中国石油化工集团公司2001年发布实施了HSE管理体系,其初衷不仅是考虑与国际接轨,更重要的是针对行业自身高风险特点进行有效的风险控制.体系运行以来,各直属企业的HSE管理取得了较好的成效,评价出的重大风险基本能得到控制.但"两张皮"现象在很大程度上还是存在的,主要原因是个别企业对集团公司要求建立HSE管理体系的意义认识不够,对体系标准理解不透彻,特别是风险评价这一工作,企业如何做才到位,如何应用和持续应用危害识别、风险评价的结果,并以此控制、降低企业的风险,提高绩效,是很多企业遇到的最大障碍.另外部分企业将风险评价作为一个孤立的要素看待,单纯地就评价而评价,没有将危害识别和风险评价结果应用到其他要素中,真正作为一个体系来理解和运作.笔者结合工作实际,谈一下风险评价在体系中的应用思路.     

The effects of elevated CO2 on clonal growth and nutrient content of submerge plant Vallisneria spinulosa

An approximately four months long glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration (1,000 +/- 50 micromol mol(-1)) in the atmosphere on biomass accumulation and allocation pattern, clonal growth and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) accumulation by the submerged plant Vallisneria spinulosa Yan. Elevated CO(2) significantly increased V. spinulosa total fresh biomass ( approximately 130%) after 120 days, due to more biomass accumulation in all morphological organs than in those at ambient CO(2) (390 +/- 20 micromol mol(-1)). About 75% of the additional total biomass at elevated CO(2) was accounted for by leaf and rhizome (above ground) biomass and only 25% of it belonged to root and turion (below ground). However, the turions biomass exhibited a greater increase rate than that of organ above ground, which caused reduction in the above/below ground biomass ratio. The clonal growth of V. spinulosa responded positively to elevated CO(2). The number of primary ramets increased up to 1.4-folds at elevated CO(2) and induced a dense growth pattern. For nutrients absorption, concentration of N in leaf and in turion was significantly (p 相似文献   

Pollution sources identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of soils in Tianjin area, China

A total of 188 surface soil samples were collected from different types of utilization soils in Tianjin area. Factor analysis and scatter point surface tension spine function interpolation were used to analyze types and spatial distributions of PAH sources of surface soils in Tianjin area. The results showed that most pollution sources were mixed sources including coal burning and petroleum spill. Mixed sources occupied 56.12%, 58.96%, 46.45% and 59.50% in farmland of wastewater irrigation, common farmland, wild land and city greenbelt, respectively. Other pollution sources such as vehicle emission, biogenic conversion, wood burning and natural gas combustion were also significant. The spatial distributions of pollution sources were closely related to geographic location, geographic condition and living habit of indigenes.     

Variations of bacterial community structure in flooded paddy soil contaminated with herbicide quinclorac

The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was applied to determine the relative genetic complexity of microbial communities in flooded paddy soil treated with herbicide quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinoline-carboylic acid). The results obtained showed a significant effect of quinclorac on the development of bacterial populations in soils contaminated with different concentrations of the herbicide at the early time after application. In general, however, the number of populations of the same soil sample treated with the same concentration of the quinclorac differed obviously with increasing incubation time within the early 8 weeks. The scale of differences in banding patterns-showed that the microbial community structures of the quinclorac-treated and non-quinclorac-treated soils were not significantly different after 21 weeks of incubation. Quantification, as demonstrated in this paper, was studied by establishing dose-response relationships. Significant pattern variations were quantified. Prominent DGGE bands were excised, cloned and sequenced to gain insight into the identities of predominant bacterial populations. The majority of DGGE band sequences were related to bacterial genera Clostridium, Sphingobacterium, Xanthomonas and Rhodococcus.     

A study of daily and seasonal variations of radon concentrations in underground buildings

A study of daily and seasonal variations of radon concentrations in underground buildings in major cities of China was carried out. According to the data from the Model 1027 continuous monitor, radon concentrations in the underground buildings changed through two cycles each day. The first cycle was from 12:00 to 0:00 and the highest or lowest value, depending on location, was at about 19:00. The second cycle had a little change. Based on the data from solid state nuclear detectors (SSNTDs), it was concluded that the radon concentrations in underground buildings in winter were lower than in summer, which was opposite to that above the ground level. Similar to that above the ground level, the radon concentrations in spring were close to the year-round average radon concentrations.     

某场地边坡稳定分析方法的比较研究*

为了对边坡稳定性分析方法进行研究,以某场地高填方边坡和直立边坡为研究对象,基于Geostudio、理正软件以及ANSYS软件,采用M-P法、Bishop法和强度折减法进行边坡稳定分析。结果表明:高填方边坡安全系数为1.3,为稳定边坡;AB,BC,CD段地块间边坡边坡安全系数依次为0.479,0.410,0.381,基坑边坡安全系数为0.436,均为不稳定边坡;其中,M-P法得到的安全系数偏保守,Bishop法得到的安全系数结果较可靠,强度折减法得到的结果最为理想。研究结果可为边坡稳定性研究与治理提供借鉴。     

海底大地震

您以为只有陆地才经常发生地震吗?不,在深深的海底,也经常发生地震。据统计,全球80％的地震都集中在幽深的海底,特别是在太平洋周围海洋平均深度4000米以上,终年暗无天日的海沟里以及它附近与群岛区的深渊中尤为多见。     

初论环境信息污染及预防

从SARS所引发的社会现象分析,首次从环境角度对信息污染进行探讨,提出了环境信息污染的含义及特征。并针对环境信息污染的潜在危害性,论述治理环境信息污染应以预防为主。建议政府和个人逐步通过建立“信息墙”,使信息更加有序、有条理,以此来预防和减少环境信息污染。     

一种化学物质的热危险性研究

以某一化学物质(ANPyO)为例,探讨了化学物质热危险性分析方法和步骤:建议首先从化学结构上对物质进行初步分析,然后根据化学结构进行理论计算预测,最后在前面研究的基础上,选择和确定采用合适的,比如:DSC/TG、ARC等小药量实验方法,研究化学物质的热危险性.对于ANPyO,通过分子结构可知其为多硝基多氨基芳烃,是具有潜在的燃烧、爆炸危险的活性化学物质.理论计算预测其属于高危险性物质.对其进行DSC/TG、ARC实验,得到绝热分解反应的热力学和动力学参数,自加速分解温度( TSADT)为199℃,热分解开始温度为310.0℃,最大反应速度出现在系统温度771.5℃时,自热分解开始到最大反应速度的时间为23.5min.文中研究可为该化学物质生产、使用和储运安全提供参考.     

中国地表水酸化敏感性的区划

地表水体的酸化与集水区的许多环境因子密切相关,如土壤对酸的缓冲能力、基岩中和酸沉降的能力以及土地利用方式等.其中,土壤的抗酸化能力是关键因素.因此可以根据集水区土壤、基岩和土地利用方式等信息来评估地表水在不同流量下发生酸化的可能性.本研究成功地应用已有资料和数据得到了我国地表水对酸沉降的敏感性等级,并绘制了地表水酸化敏感性区划图.结果表明,我国大部分地表水对酸化并不敏感.极易酸化和较易酸化的地表水主要分布在东北的北部地区,占所有国土面积的2.67%,是该地区强酸性漂灰土、酸性母岩和针叶林植被共同作用的结果.对酸化敏感性为中级和低级,即不易酸化的地表水主要分布在东北暗棕壤地区和南方富铝土区域,占所有国土面积的15.2%.其余82.11%国土面积上的地表水对酸化不敏感,完全不可能发生酸化.北方地区主要是由于土壤的强缓冲能力,而在南方,石灰质土壤以及耕作农田的广泛分布是最重要因素.南方重酸雨区由于土壤对酸化并不很敏感,因此在短期内不会出现大面积水体酸化现象.由于东北近年来频频出现酸雨,因此东北的酸沉降必须及早防治,以免出现大面积酸化水体.