Ce掺杂纳米TiO2光催化剂的制备及降解甲醛的研究

介绍了溶胶-凝胶法制备Ce离子掺杂纳米TiO2的工艺流程.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)等方法表征了Ce掺杂TiO2的相组成、紫外可见漫反射率与掺杂量的关系.结果表明,掺杂的TiO2在520℃、650℃焙烧2 h呈锐钛矿结构,在520℃焙烧2 h的TiO2的晶粒尺寸大约为20 nm,而掺杂Ce后其晶粒尺寸均减小,大约为12nm.UV-Vis吸光度分析表明,掺Ce后吸收带边明显发生红移,但随着Ce掺杂浓度的增大,其对可见光的吸收影响不大.光催化降解反应表明,未掺杂Ce的TiO2反应2 h后对甲醛的没有降解作用,而Ce掺杂TiO2反应2 h后甲醛降解率达15%.     

柱生物曝气法吸附处理含铬废水

利用复合生物吸附剂FY01与活性污泥作为吸附材料，探讨了柱式生物曝气法对高浓度含铬电镀废水的生物吸附效果。研究结果表明，FY01性能稳定，耐进水pH冲击能力较强。当进水pH=2—5、流速为500mL／h时，10gFY01和5g活性污泥联合处理60．4mg／L含铬电镀废水2h后，铬的去除率达78％以上；在4℃冰箱和23—28℃实验室保存50d的FY01对铬的去除分别在78％～83％和77％-84％之间。柱式生物曝气吸附法对含铬废水的处理效果理想，运行稳定。串联处理2000mL总Cr、Cu^2＋和COD浓度分别为60．4、4．51和48．2mg／L的电镀废水2h后，去除率分别高达92．1％、99．2％和71．4％。     

纳米级铁粉脱氯降解四氯化碳

四氯化碳的生产和使用，给人类带来了较大危害。为此，采用纳米铁粉这一新方法对其进行脱氯处理。试验以纳米级铁粉对四氯化碳的脱氯率为考察指标，选用L25（5^6）正交试验方案，考察了降解介质的初始pH值、纳米铁粉的质量、降解温度、摇床转速和脱氯时间5个影响因素。结果表明，pH值这一因素有极显著影响；在得出的纳米铁粉对四氯化碳脱氯的最佳工艺条件下，获得了99．5％的脱氯率，为有机氯化物脱氯开辟了一条新途径。     

沈阳市PM2.5离子成分对呼吸疾病门诊数影响研究

采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制了长期趋势、"星期几效应"和气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,分析沈阳市大气污染物及PM_2.5中水溶性离子对呼吸系统疾病门诊就诊人数的影响,并按性别和年龄分层建模.结果表明：PM_2.5及其各离子成分与呼吸系统疾病门诊人数之间存在关联,并有明显的滞后效应.受冬季供暖燃煤排放影响,PM_2.5、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺呈显著关联,在滞后累积2d后风险最大.最佳滞后时间下,PM_2.5的浓度每增加10µg/m³,对应呼吸系统疾病日门诊就诊人数增加百分比（ER）为1.31%（95% CI：1.2%~1.43%）;离子成分SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Na⁺的浓度每增加1个4分位间距（IQR）,对应的呼吸系统疾病日门诊就诊人数增加百分比（ER）分别为3.22%（95% CI：2.81%~3.62%）、4.67%（95% CI：4.13%~5.22%）、5.41%（95% CI：4.49%~6.33%）、7.38%（95% CI：3.91%~10.96%）、0.14%（95% CI：-6.34%~7.07%）、7.64%（95% CI：-11.87%~31.47%）、3.57%（95% CI：-2.83%~10.39%）和0.46%（95% CI：-16.64%~21.06%）.PM_2.5、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Na⁺对女性呼吸疾病门诊人数的影响比对男性的影响大.PM_2.5、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺和Na⁺对≥65岁的老人门诊人数的影响比对15~65岁劳动年龄人群的影响大.表明不同性别、不同年龄由于生理结构和环境因素的不同而引起的差异不同.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursors from high ammonia water by zeolite and powdered activated carbon

When adding sufficient chlorine to achieve breakpoint chlorination to source water containing high concentration of ammonia during drinking water treatment, high concentrations of disinfection by-products(DBPs) may form. If N-nitrosamine precursors are present, highly toxic N-nitrosamines, primarily N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), may also form. Removing their precursors before disinfection should be a more effective way to minimize these DBPs formation. In this study, zeolites and activated carbon were examined for ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal when incorporated into drinking water treatment processes.The test results indicate that Mordenite zeolite can remove ammonia and five of seven N-nitrosamine precursors efficiently by single step adsorption test. The practical applicability was evaluated by simulation of typical drinking water treatment processes using six-gang stirring system. The Mordenite zeolite was applied at the steps of lime softening, alum coagulation, and alum coagulation with powdered activated carbon(PAC) sorption. While the lime softening process resulted in poor zeolite performance, alum coagulation did not impact ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal. During alum coagulation, more than67% ammonia and 70%–100% N-nitrosamine precursors were removed by Mordenite zeolite(except 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole(DMAI) and 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine(DMAP)). PAC effectively removed DMAI and DMAP when added during alum coagulation. A combination of the zeolite and PAC selected efficiently removed ammonia and all tested seven N-nitrosamine precursors(dimethylamine(DMA), ethylmethylamine(EMA), diethylamine(DEA), dipropylamine(DPA), trimethylamine(TMA), DMAP, and DMAI) during the alum coagulation process.     

Aluminum formate (AF): Synthesis, characterization and application in dye wastewater treatment

Aluminum formate (AF), a degradable and non-corrosive coagulant, was synthesized from aluminum hydroxide and formic acid. Polyamidine (PA), as a coagulation aid, was combined with AF for dye wastewater treatment. AF was characterized by XPS, FT-IR, viscosity, zeta potential, mass spectrum and XRD, and the flocculation properties of the dual-coagulation system were characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The results showed that COOH, Al₂O₃-Al and O₂-Al bonds were formed in the AF synthesis process, and AF had a higher molecular weight and higher charge neutralization ability than PAC. The hydrolysates of AF were determined to contain Al₁₃ Al₁₁ and Al₂, and the components of AF were confirmed to comprise a mixture including aluminum formate (C₃H₃AlO₆) and its hydrate. When the color removal efficiency reached 100% in jar tests, the optimized dosage of AF/PA was 18.91/0.71 mg/L, while the optimized dosage of PAC/PA was 21.19/0.91 mg/L. According to the variance analysis, the interaction between AF/PA and PAC/PA were insignificant in macroscopic view. FT-IR spectrum indicated AF captured pollutant by means of CCO bond, PAC captured pollutant by δ CH, CC and δ CH. Overall, although the coagulation mechanism of AF was different from that of PAC, AF/PA showed better coagulation efficiency than PAC/PA in dye wastewater treatment.     

Energy-saving benefits from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: perspectives based on real-world measurements

Promoting plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) is one important option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants for road transportation sector. In 2015, more than 220,000 new PHEVs were registered across the world, indicating a 25-fold growth during 2011–2015. However, more criticizes have been put forward against the current energy efficiency regulations for vehicles that are mostly depended on laboratory measurements. To better understand the real-world energy-saving and emission mitigation benefits from PHEVs, we conducted on-road testing experiments under various operating conditions for two in-use PHEVs in Beijing, China. Our results indicate that air condition usage, congested traffic conditions, and higher loading mass could significantly increase energy consumption and shorten actual all-electric distance for PHEVs. For example, the worst case (14.1 km) would occur under harshest usage conditions, which is lower by at least 35% than the claimed range over 20 km. In charge sustaining (CS) mode, real-world fuel consumption also presents a large range from 3.5 L/100 km to 6.3 L/100 km because of varying usage conditions. Furthermore, various vehicle users have significantly different travel profiles, which would lead to large heterogeneity of emission mitigation benefits among individual PHEV adopters. Therefore, this study suggests that the global policy makers should use real-world energy efficiency of emerging electrified powertrain techniques as criteria to formulate relevant regulations and supportive policies.     

于桥水库沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征及交换通量

于桥水库是天津市重要的饮用水源地,但近年来呈现富营养化加重趋势,而其内源负荷及污染分布特征尚不清楚.本研究利用Peeper(pore water equilibrium)技术获取沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征,分析于桥水库间隙水氮磷分布的空间差异;采集沉积物无扰动柱样分析沉积物中易释放态氮及磷的赋存特征,并利用原柱样静态培养法对其水土界面氮磷交换速率进行估算.结果表明:(1)沉积物中活性磷、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的含量分别为0.5~6.5、0.5~10.9、2.2~16.2和0.05~0.6 mg·kg~(-1),在垂直方向随深度增加营养盐含量降低,而在空间分布上差异显著.(2)上覆水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N质量浓度较低,间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N质量浓度远大于上覆水,表明于桥水库间隙水具有向上覆水体扩散营养盐的潜力.在垂直方向上间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N具有在0~5 cm快速增加,之后表现出逐渐降低的趋势.(3)静态释放结果表明,PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N从沉积物间隙水扩散至上覆水中,其释放通量分别为1.1~13.3 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)和20.6~250.5 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1);NO-3-N交换通量在-20.4~33.4 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)之间,NO_2~--N交换通量在-7.4~0.4 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)之间.PO_4~(3-)-P和NH_4~+-N为于桥水库主要的沉积物内源向上覆水释放营养盐,总体释放速率在空间上呈现南高北低、淋河口和水坝前较高的释放特征.与类似研究比较可知,于桥水库沉积物-水界面通量相对较高,表明沉积物是于桥水库上覆水营养盐的重要来源.     

生物炭的制备及其镁改性对污染物的吸附行为研究

以小麦和玉米秸秆为原料,于不同温度下制备了生物炭样品,并采用氯化镁(MgCl_2)、乙酸镁(Mg(CH_3COO)_2)和硝酸镁(Mg(NO_3)_2)对秸秆及其生物炭进行改性.通过分析各生物炭产率、pH、元素分析、比表面积、CEC、XRD及FT-IR,探究了生物炭理化性质的变化规律.各样品对氨氮、Pb(Ⅱ)及乙草胺的吸附试验结果表明:小麦秸秆经Mg(CH_3COO)_2改性后得到的生物炭的饱和吸附量最大;对3种吸附质的吸附过程均符合准二级吸附动力学方程;低浓度下吸附过程均可自发进行,对氨氮的吸附符合Langmuir模型且以离子交换作用为主,对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Freundlich模型且以离子交换作用为主,对乙草胺的吸附符合Langmuir模型且以分配、氢键和π-π电子受体供体作用为主.     

温度对FBAR反应器的运行特性及古菌微生物群落影响

为探讨固定床厌氧反应器（FBAR）在不同温度下的运行特性及微生物群落变化,比较了高温（50℃）、中温（35℃）、低温（4℃）3个温度阶段反应器产甲烷特性及古菌群落变化.结果表明;绝对产气量由大至小依次为高（50℃）、中（35℃）、低温（4℃）,单位负荷产气量依次为中温（2.84L/OLR）,低温（2.5L/OLR）,高温（1.8L/OLR）;甲烷含量依次为低温（74.5%）、中温（63.5%）,高温（57.3%）,不同温度阶段对挥发性有机酸含量变化有一定的影响.克隆文库分析表明：不同温度条件下固定床厌氧反应器内部微生物群落的丰富性存在很大的差异.定量PCR分析表明：甲烷鬃毛菌是中温和高温反应器内的优势菌,低温4℃炭纤维载体和污泥中的优势菌都是甲烷微菌.从能耗、经济效益角度分析低温条件更适合沼气发酵,而主要是以嗜氢产甲烷菌代谢途径为主.