Phanerochaete chrysosporium吸附载体的选择及染料降解研究

研究了游离细胞与载体吸附培养、不同载体材料对Phanerochaete chrysosporium进行连续染料脱色及产酶能力的影响。结果表明,P. chrysosporium可在载体上良好生长,甚至生长到载体内部。木屑、玉米芯、花生壳3种载体材料中,以木屑载体吸附培养物的持续脱色和产酶效果最佳,该培养物经三轮连续脱色后对染料RB5仍能达到最高95%的脱色率,并产生596 U/L锰依赖过氧化物酶（MnP）和1 326 U/L木质素过氧化物酶（LiP）,对染料的持续脱色和产酶能力明显优于游离细胞培养物。     

ClO2氧化/TiO2复合吸附剂协同体系处理印染废水的实验研究

利用ClO2 氧化/TiO2 复合吸附剂协同体系对处理实际印染废水进行了实验研究.结果表明,对于COD为750 mg/L、色度为250倍、SS为100 mg/L的1 000 mL印染废水,当溶液pH为4.0、ClO2 用量20 mg/L、TiO2 复合吸附剂用量2.5 g、反应时间和吸附时间分别为2、8 min时,处理后的废水COD＜100 mg/L、色度＜40倍、SS＜70 mg/L,达到了《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 4287-92)排放要求.并对两者的协同机理进行了理论上的探讨.     

适于环境容量初始配置的两步削减模型及应用

在由目标总量控制向容量总量控制的过渡时期,现有排污量往往超过区域的环境容量.因此,确定企业排污削减的比例,成为该时期环境容量初始配置的核心任务.以公平与效率为基本原则,构建了由法定削减与公平削减组成的两步削减模型,并联合应用模糊聚类分析法和层次分析法对模型参数进行求解,在太仓经济开发区环境容量的初始分配中进行了运用.模型的建构思路与求解方法可为相关的环境管理者提供参考.     

城市道路的人员疏散风险评价研究

为量化评价城市道路在人员疏散过程中存在的风险,以支持城市道路规划,以及有效开展应急疏散管理,提出1种城市道路的人员疏散风险评价方法.该方法设定多种影响因素,构建道路疏散风险评价函数,并结合临界簇模型,运用实时交通态势数据与动态人口数据,评估不同时间的道路疏散风险.以上海市外环线内区域为研究区,开展道路疏散风险综合评价与...     

炼油废水对凤眼莲根系微型动物种类、数量和生物量的影响

用凤眼莲净化炼油废水,其根系的生物种类很丰富,成为一个亚生态系统,其中微型动物有20种,轮虫3种,线虫、枝角类等4种.优势种群为沟钟虫、转轮虫和盘状鞍甲轮虫,它们各占总量的18.5％、17.5％和34.5％.炼油废水在氧化塘中滞留期越长,根系微型动物种类和数量越多.从废水的进口到出口凤眼莲根系微型动物总的数最呈增加趋势,最高数量为1.91×10~7个/m~2.对照塘除具有自氧作用的裸藻外,水体中几乎无微型动物.废水滞留期的延长对进、出口凤眼莲根系上好氧和兼性好氧微生物数量的影响不大.     

黑曲霉吸附弱酸性艳蓝RAWL机理研究

考察了黑曲霉对染料吸附性能的pH响应模式,红外光谱表征了菌体表面的主要官能团组成,化学修饰定量研究了不同官能团的染料吸附贡献.结果显示,在低pH条件下,菌体表现出最优的染料吸附特性:随着pH值由2.0升至6.0,染料吸附量由39.6mg/g降至9.3mg/g.菌体表面含有氨基、羧基和磷酸根.高pH下,羧基和磷酸根电离导致菌体表面带负电并与染料发生静电斥力,使得染料吸附量下降;低pH下,氨基的质子化使得菌体带正电并通过静电吸引提高染料吸附.甲基化氨基在酸性条件下仍然可以质子化,故氨基甲基化修饰后染料吸附性能不变;乙酰化氨基在酸性体系中失去质子化能力,乙酰化修饰菌体染料吸附性能下降51.6%.氨基质子化引起的菌体正电性和染料负电性之间的静电引力是染料吸附的重要机制.图6参10     

马尾松不同林型对土壤理化性质的影响

以安徽省枞阳县大山村3种马尾松不同林型（马尾松纯林、马尾松-麻栎混交林、马尾松-枫香混交林）0~60 cm土层为研究对象,探讨3种马尾松林型的土壤理化性质变化规律,旨在为该区马尾松人工林的可持续发展和生产提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）0~60 cm土层,3种马尾松林型土壤容重随深度的增加而逐渐增加,混交林土壤容重显著低于纯林;土壤含水量随土层的加深而逐渐减小,其大小为：马尾松-枫香混交林>马尾松-麻栎混交林>马尾松纯林,马尾松-枫香混交林在土壤容重降低,土壤孔隙度增加及土壤含水量方面优于马尾松-麻栎混交林;（2）土壤pH值介于4.5~5.0之间,3种林型pH值随土层深度的增加而增大,但差异均不显著,其中马尾松-枫香混交林土壤pH值较高;（3）3种林型土壤有机质、全N、有效P和速效K均随土层深度的增加而减少,呈现明显的“表聚”现象,其质量分数表现为：马尾松-枫香混交林>马尾松-麻栎混交林>马尾松纯林;（4）土壤容重与土壤水分质量分数、有机质、全N、有效P和速效K等养分质量分数均呈负相关,土壤有机质与全N、有效P和速效K呈极显著的正相关,这说明土壤有机质在改善土壤理化性质和促进养分循环方面起着非常重要的作用。     

Long-term trends of fine particulate matter and chemical composition in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ), China

Understanding the trends in PM_2.5 levels is essential for formulating clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM_2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ). The long-term variation in PM_2.5 mass concentration is analyzed. Results show that PM_2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and SO42− show a similar trend, increasing before 2005 and then decreasing slightly. The annual average PM_2.5 concentration ranges from 49.1 μg·m⁻³ in 2000 to 64.3 μg·m⁻³ in 2010, with a peak of 84.1 μg·m⁻³ in 2004. None of these 11 years meets the new National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS) for PM_2.5 (35 μg·m⁻³). Overall average concentrations of OC, EC, and SO42− are 13.0, 6.5, and 11.8 μg·m⁻³, respectively. NO3− and NH4+ respectively have concentrations of 1.5 μg·m⁻³ and 2.9 μg·m⁻³ in 2000 and 6.4 μg·m⁻³ and 5.3 μg·m⁻³ in 2010, with a statistically significant average annual trend of+ 0.2 μg·m⁻³·yr⁻¹ and+ 0.1 μg·m⁻³·yr⁻¹. In certain geographic regions, OC and EC contribute most of the PM_2.5, while in other regions secondary water-soluble ions are more important. In general, OC and SO42− are the dominant components of PM_2.5, contributing 20.6% and 18.6%, respectively. These results provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the long-term PM_2.5 characteristics and trends, on a species-by-species basis, in the PRDEZ. The results indicate that PM_2.5 abatement needs to prioritize secondary species.     

南京仙林地区大气PM2.5中金属化学形态分析及其风险评估

采用四步连续提取法提取不同季节南京仙林地区PM_(2.5)中不同化学形态的金属组分。结果显示:(1)PM_(2.5)日均值平均为84.93μg/m3,75%的样品超过了《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中PM_(2.5)日均值二级标准值(75μg/m~3)。(2)PM_(2.5)中Fe、Zn和Pb浓度最高,As和Cd浓度最低。(3)Zn、Cd和Mn主要以弱酸提取态(F1)存在,Pb以可还原态(F2)为主,As主要以F1和F2存在,Ni和Cr以F1和可氧化态(F3)为主,Cu主要为F1、F2、F3,Fe和Ti大部分以残渣态(F4)存在。(4)Zn具有非常高的环境风险,Cd、As、Cu和Mn均表现出高风险,Pb、Ni和Cr具有中等风险,Fe、Ti具有低风险。(5)对于儿童,Cr具有潜在致癌风险;对于成人,As和Cr具有潜在致癌风险。     

The influence of wind speed on airflow and fine particle transport within different building layouts of an industrial city

In atmospheric environment, the layout difference of urban buildings has a powerful influence on accelerating or inhibiting the dispersion of particle matters (PM). In industrial cities, buildings of variable heights can obstruct the diffusion of PM from industrial stacks. In this study, PM dispersed within building groups was simulated by Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled Lagrangian approach. Four typical street building arrangements were used: (a) a low-rise building block with Height/base H/b = 1 (b = 20 m); (b) step-up building layout (H/b = 1, 2, 3, 4); (c) step-down building layout (H/b = 4, 3, 2, 1); (d) high-rise building block (H/b = 5). Profiles of stream functions and turbulence intensity were used to examine the effect of various building layouts on atmospheric airflow. Here, concepts of particle suspension fraction and concentration distribution were used to evaluate the effect of wind speed on fine particle transport. These parameters showed that step-up building layouts accelerated top airflow and diffused more particles into street canyons, likely having adverse effects on resident health. In renewal old industry areas, the step-down building arrangement which can hinder PM dispersion from high-level stacks should be constructed preferentially. High turbulent intensity results in formation of a strong vortex that hinders particles into the street canyons. It is found that an increase in wind speed enhanced particle transport and reduced local particle concentrations, however, it did not affect the relative location of high particle concentration zones, which are related to building height and layout.

Implications: This study has demonstrated the height variation and layout of urban architecture affect the local concentration distribution of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere and for the first time that wind velocity has particular effects on PM transport in various building groups. The findings may have general implications in optimization the building layout based on particle transport characteristics during the renewal of industrial cities. For city planners, the results and conclusions are useful for improving the local air quality. The study method also can be used to calculate the explosion risk of industrial dust for people who live in industrial cities.