邻苯二甲酸二甲酯在离体人红细胞内的分布和含量研究

邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物(PAEs)在环境中普遍存在,可沿食物链富集,危害人体健康。本文利用荧光光谱法和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)探究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)在离体人红细胞内的分布情况。结果表明,红细胞在310 nm、490 nm和609nm处各具有一个荧光特征峰,其来源分别为:红细胞内的蛋白;还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)和膜脂;锌卟啉和原卟啉。DMP染毒后,310 nm处的荧光峰出现明显下降,其原因为进入红细胞内的DMP与蛋白发生了结合;490 nm和609 nm处的荧光峰变化很小。高效液相色谱(HPLC)实验结果表明,DMP能透过红细胞膜进入细胞内部,其进入量随暴露量增加而增加,进入量和暴露量的比值随暴露量增加而减少。上述研究成果能加深对PAEs在血液运输过程中与红细胞毒性作用的理解,可为PAEs的危险性评估和相关疾病预防提供数据参考。     

荧光法快速测定水中粪大肠菌群

为研究荧光法测定水中粪大肠菌群的适用性,在6家实验室使用荧光法对粪大肠菌群的标准菌株和实际水样进行测定,并与多管发酵法进行比对。结果表明:6家实验室对标准菌株的监测结果均在误差范围内,实验室内相对误差为-2. 75%～1. 71%,准确度较高;对3个不同浓度实际水样进行精密度测定,实验室内相对标准偏差分别为1. 30%～3. 93%、1. 94%～4. 72%、1. 88%～4. 54%,实验室间的相对标准偏差分别为1. 14%、1. 59%、1. 72%,精密度较高;用荧光法与多管发酵法同时测定实际水样,2种方法测试结果线性相关性良好且变化趋势相同,对测试数据进行t检验,2种方法测试结果无显著差异。     

甘薯块根腐烂真菌的分离和鉴定

从腐烂甘薯块根中分离到4株丝状真菌,分别编号为SP-1、SP-2、SP-3和SP-4,它们都能在甘薯块根片上快速生长.将这4株真菌接种在PDA培养基上,观察其菌落形态和结构特征.提取4株菌的总DNA,利用真菌的18S rDNA通用引物进行扩增、克隆和测序,其18S rDNA序列的长度分别为1 810 bp、1 769 bp、1 768 bp和1 770 bp.将这些序列在GenBank中进行序列比对,获得的同源性较高的序列用于构建系统进化树.根据分子鉴定和形态观察的结果,SP-1菌株是匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)SP-1,SP-2是尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)SP-2,SP-3是康宁肉座菌(Hypocreakoningii)SP-3,SP-4是肉座菌属(Hypocrea),命名为Hypocrea sp.SP-4.     

四川盆地典型城市PM2.5污染过程组分特征和来源解析

为探究四川盆地典型城市PM_2.5污染特征和来源,利用成都市、绵阳市、自贡市超站数据分析2020年冬季典型污染过程PM_2.5组分特征,并采用CMB模型模拟获得研究期间PM_2.5来源及演变特征.结果表明,不同城市PM_2.5组分变化特征不尽相同,成都市污染过程整体呈现NO₃^-主导特征,但重度污染由OC主导.绵阳市污染期间呈现OC主导特征,是污染加重时增长最快的组分.EC是自贡市轻度污染增长最快的组分,NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺是中度污染增长较快的组分,OC、EC是重度污染增长较快的组分.3个城市均是二次硝酸盐对PM_2.5贡献率最高.比较而言,成都市机动车、扬尘源贡献率均最高;绵阳市二次有机碳贡献率最高,是成都市的2倍;自贡市燃煤源和二次硫酸盐贡献率分别比成都市和绵阳市高出4%~6%和7%~9%.成都市由优良天气到中度污染,二次硝酸盐贡献率随着污染程度的加重而增加,轻度污染较优良天气上升6%,中度污染较轻度污染天气上升3%.中度到重度污染,二次有机碳、机动车贡献率分别上升2%和1%.绵阳市由轻度到重度污染,二次有机碳对PM_2.5的贡献率上升3%,机动车贡献率上升2%,是其污染加重的主要原因.自贡市由轻度到重度污染,各污染源贡献率变化幅度较小.     

龙凤山大气本底站CO浓度特征及传输路径分析

利用2017年1月—2019年11月龙凤山大气本底站一氧化碳（CO）连续观测资料和NOAA再分析资料,对东北平原地区大气CO浓度季节变化及其排放源特征进行研究.结果表明：龙凤山站CO日变化规律具有季节性差异,春、秋和冬季CO浓度均在午后13：00—14：00出现最低值,秋和冬季19：00出现峰值,春季2：00出现最峰值,冬季CO浓度日平均最大,日振幅最大.夏季CO日变化不同于其他季节,在8：00—13：00维持较高值,在16：00—次日04：00维持较低,峰值出现在08：00,谷值出现在00：00.龙凤山站CO浓度具有明显的周期性季节变化和波动下降趋势,呈现出冬季高夏季低的特点,最高值出现在1月,最低值出现在6月,月平均浓度明显高于青藏高原地区浓度水平,全年CO月均值振幅为134.8×10^-9 ± 2.5×10^-9（物质的量分数,下同）.在春、夏和秋季西南方向地面风能够明显抬升观测CO浓度,冬季西北方向地面风能够明显抬升观测CO浓度.后向轨迹聚类、浓度权重轨迹分析（CWT）以及地面风结果分析表明：SSW-SW-WSW扇区内的城市交通及工业等人为排放是龙凤山站的CO潜在源区,此外,冬季的NW-NNW-N扇区的短距离输送也是龙凤山站的CO潜在源区.     

Seasonal variation of transport pathways and potential source areas at high inorganic nitrogen wet deposition sites in southern China

This study attempts to identify the dominant transport pathways, potential source areas, and their seasonal variation at sites with high inorganic nitrogen (IN) wet deposition flux in southern China. This is a long-term study (2010–2017) based on continuous deposition measurements at the Guangzhou urban site (GZ) and the Dinghushan Natural Reserve site (DHS) located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. A dataset on monthly IN concentration in precipitation and wet deposition flux were provided. The average annual fluxes measured at both sites (GZ: 33.04±9.52, DHS: 20.52±10.22 kg N/(ha∙year)) were higher, while the ratios of reduced to oxidized N (GZ: 1.19±0.77, DHS: 1.25±0.84) were lower compared with the national mean level and the previous reported level throughout the PRD region. The dominant pathways were not always consistent with the highest proportional trajectory clusters. The transport pathways contributing most of deposition were identified in the north and north-northeast in the dry season and in the east-southeast, east, and south-southwest in the wet season. A weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) value >0.3 was determined reasonably to define the potential source area. Emission within the PRD region contributed the majority (≥95% at both sites) of the IN deposition in the wet season, while the contribution outside the region increased significantly in the dry season (GZ: 27.86%, DHS: 95.26%). Our results could help create more effective policy to control precursor emissions for IN fluxes, enabling reduction of the ecological risks due to excessive nitrogen.     

Methane emission via sediment and water interface in the Bohai Sea, China

Sediment is recognized as the largest reservoir and source of methane (CH₄) in the ocean, especially in the shallow coastal areas. To date, few data of CH₄ concentration in sediment have been reported in the China shelf seas. In this study, we measured CH₄ concentration in sediment and overlying seawater columns, and conducted an incubation experiment in the Bohai Sea in May 2017. CH₄ concentration was found to be ranged from 3.075 to 1.795 μmol/L in sediment, which was 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that in overlying seawater columns. The surface sediment was an important source of CH₄, while bottom seawater acted as its sink. Furthermore, the net emission rate via sediment water interface (SWI) was calculated as 2.45 μmol/(m²∙day) based on the incubation experiment at station 73, and the earthquake may enhance CH₄ release from sediment to seawater column in the eastern Bohai Sea.     

河岸带地下水溶解性有机物输入对As迁移转化的影响

为了研究河岸带地下水DOM（dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机物）对As迁移转化的影响,选取了安徽省宿州市杨庄乡的奎河断面作为研究对象,通过三维荧光光谱技术、区域积分法、矿物E_h-pH稳定性图解,分析河岸带地下水荧光组分、As形态及其质量浓度在洪水前、后的变化特征,并探讨水文地质条件、ρ（Fe_T）（Fe_T表示总铁）、荧光有机物含量及其活性官能团对含As矿物溶解性和迁移性的影响.结果表明:①与洪水前相比,洪水后河岸带地下水ρ（DOC）升高,促进了微生物新陈代谢活动,导致潜水层出现明显的类酪氨酸、类色氨酸以及可溶性微生物降解产物荧光峰,弱承压层的类酪氨酸、类富里酸和类胡敏酸荧光强度也显著增加,各荧光物质含量Φ_i,n均表现为潜水层>弱承压层.②洪水后,潜水层与弱承压层呈现还原环境,导致As以电中性的亚砷酸盐形式存在,且河水入渗并未直接对各含水层贡献ρ（As_T）（As_T表示总砷）,地下水ρ（As_T）升高可能主要受ρ（Fe_T）与荧光物质含量（Φ_i,n）升高的影响.③在空间上,由于弱承压层ρ（Fe_T）>潜水层ρ（Fe_T）,铁氧化物通过桥接亚砷酸盐与荧光物质来增强As的迁移性和溶解性,导致洪水后弱承压层ρ（As_T）平均值接近于潜水层.④河岸带地下水ρ（As_T）升高途径主要是类蛋白和类腐殖质的羟基、羧基、氨基等官能团与亚砷酸盐形成DOM-As二元络合物,或铁离子充当DOM活性官能团与亚砷酸盐的"桥梁",以共价键或氧桥形式形成多元络合物DOM-Fe-As、DOM-Fe-O-As.研究显示,由河水-地下水交互作用对含水层输入DOM导致的As溶解现象应纳入预防河岸带地下水As污染的前提考虑因素.      

Wet and dry deposition fluxes of heavy metals in Pearl River Delta Region (China): Characteristics, ecological risk assessment, and source apportionment

The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were examined based on soluble/insoluble fractions of five heavy metal elements(Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn) in samples collected from January 2014 to December 2015 at Guangzhou(urban) and Dinghushan(suburban) sites. The ratios of wet/dry deposition fluxes indicated that heavy metal deposition was governed by wet deposition rather than dry deposition in the PRD region. Affected by the shifting of the Asian monsoon, wet deposition fluxes exhibited significant seasonal variation between summer monsoon seasons(April to September) and winter monsoon seasons(October to February) in this region. Cd was classified as an extremely strong potential ecological risk based on solubility and the Hakanson ecological risk index. Source contributions to wet deposition were calculated by PMF, suggesting that dust, biomass burning, industries,vehicles, long-range transport and marine aerosol sources in Guangzhou, and Zn fertilizers,marine aerosol sources, agriculture, incense burning, biomass burning, vehicles and the ceramics industry in Dinghushan, were the potential sources of heavy metals.