灰霾的健康效应

灰霾是颗粒物和气体污染物导致的可察觉到的能见度降低的污染天气现象.近年来,随着城市化进程的快速发展,城市大气污染加剧,灰霾天气也随之增多.总结了灰霾这一污染型天气的特征,介绍了灰霾的化学成分、污染机制等,并从影响机制和流行病学角度出发,对国内外灰霾对人体的健康效应研究成果进行了综合评述,提出目前急需解决的科学问题和今后的研究方向.     

浓磷酸预处理废弃棉织物回收葡萄糖和涤纶的优化

为了实现废弃棉织物的高效资源化利用,采用浓磷酸预处理,将棉纤维转化为葡萄糖,并回收高纯度涤纶.以磷酸浓度、磷酸与原料液固比、预处理温度和时间为研究对象,以涤纶回收纯度、葡萄糖收率为考察指标,采用中心组合设计(CCD),建立响应面模型对预处理工艺参数进行优化.并确定了最佳的浓磷酸预处理工艺条件为:磷酸质量分数85%,液固比15:1,预处理时间7 h,预处理温度50℃.在此条件下涤纶回收纯度可达100%,葡萄糖收率可达79.0%,且实验验证值与模型预测值较为接近,模型精度较高.此外,再生纤维素不经干燥直接酶水解,葡萄糖收率可被进一步提高至83.0%.     

Composting of municipal solid waste by different methods improved the growth of vegetables and reduced the health risks of cadmium and lead

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Reutilization of putrescible municipal solid wastes (MSW) in agriculture can provide valuable plant nutrients. However, it may pose serious...     

农业源水污染物削减技术探讨

农业面源污染是水体中COD、氮、磷等指标的主要来源。它包括农药化肥施用、畜禽养殖和农村生活污水排放。对农业源水污染物进行削减是实现污染物总量控制的重要手段。通过详细总结国内外现有农业源水污染物削减技术方法,分析对比其优缺点和实用性,筛选出适用于不同农业污染来源的污水处理技术。结果表明,畜禽养殖废水的适宜处理技术有厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)、序批式活性污泥法(SBR)、膜生物反应器(MBR)、升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、厌氧沼气池;农地施肥污水的适宜处理技术有SBR、MBR、UASB;农村生活污水的适宜处理技术有厌氧沼气池、生物滴滤池、人工湿地、稳定塘。     

硫化亚铁活化过一硫酸盐降解含表面活性剂水溶液中三氯乙烯的效果与机制

采用硫化亚铁(FeS)活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解含表面活性剂吐温-80(TW-80)水溶液中的三氯乙烯(TCE),考察了PMS和FeS投加量、TW-80浓度、溶液初始pH、无机阴离子(Cl^–和HCO₃^–)对TCE降解的影响,确定了PMS/FeS体系中的主导自由基及TCE降解机理,验证了PMS/FeS体系处理实际地下水中含TW-80的TCE效果。结果表明：增加PMS或FeS投加量有利于TCE的降解,但当其投加剂量分别超过0.8 mmol·L^–1和0.6 g·L^–1时,TCE降解反而受到抑制,且TCE的降解率随TW-80浓度的增加而下降;PMS/FeS体系对pH有较宽的适用范围,在pH=11时受到抑制,Cl^–和HCO₃^–对TCE降解有抑制作用;通过自由基淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振实验确定了SO₄^–·、HO·和O₂^–·是PMS/FeS体系中的主导自由基;相比于其他氯代烃,该体系对四氯乙烯和四氯化碳也有较好的降解效果;实际地下水的处理结果证实PMS/FeS体系在实际应用中具有潜力和优势。     

Lead adsorption capacities of different components in natural surface coatings

Pb adsorption capacities of Fe oxide, Mn oxide and organic materials in natural surface coatings (biofilms and associated minerals) collected in three lakes, two ponds and a river in Jilin Province, China and Cayuga Lake in US were studied. A novel extraction technique was employed to remove one or more component(s) from the surface coatings. Pb adsorption to surface coatings before and after extraction was performed to determine the adsorptive properties of the extracted component(s). The statistical analysis of observed Pb adsorption was carried out using nonlinear least squares fitting (NLSF) to estimate the Pb adsorption capacity of each component of surface coatings. For each body of water, the estimated Pb adsorption capacity of Mn oxide( mol Pb/mol Mn) was significantly higher than that of Fe oxide( mol Pb/ mol Fe). The value of estimated adsorption capacities of organic materials with the unit mol Pb per kg COD was similar to or less than that of Fe oxides with the unit mol Pb per mol Fe. Comparison of components of surface coatings in different waters showed that the estimated Pb adsorption capacities of components in surface coatings developed in different natural waters were different,especially for Mn oxides.     

Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China

The heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province was investigated. 97 feed and manure samples were sampled from 31 farming plants in 10 major cities of Jiangsu. 14 metals, including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Ba, Co, Sr, Ti, As and Hg, were analyzed after samples acid digestion. The results showed that the most feed samples contained high concentration of metals exceeding National Hygienical Standard for Feeds. Meanwhile, it was found that Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations in animal manures were also high, for example, Cu concentration in a manure sample reached to as much as 1726.3 mg/kg. Heavy metals loading quantities in soil per year were then calculated when metals contaminated organic fertilizers were applied, and its effects on soil environmental qualitv were further evaluated.     

AlN覆铜板盐雾环境下的退化行为研究

目的 研究AlN覆铜板在盐雾环境下的性能退化及其微观机制。方法 采用交替喷雾和干燥方法对AlN覆铜板进行15周期的中性盐雾试验,并在第1、3、6、10、15周期时检测其相关性能。主要通过击穿电压测试、介电性能测试和导热性能测试等方法,分别评价AlN覆铜板的电绝缘特性、介电损耗及导热系数,并通过扫描电镜和能谱测试对试样表面/截面微观形貌和元素变化进行分析。结果 AlN覆铜板导热系数和击穿电压随盐雾试验周期的增长而逐渐退化,最大退化率分别为13.2%和73.8%。介电损耗明显增加,盐雾试验15周期后,在低频区域的最大值约为1.3。Cu电极发生明显腐蚀,生成大量绿色腐蚀产物,导致表面Ni-P镀层脱落失效。H₂O分子扩散进入AlN陶瓷内部,在局部区域造成陶瓷水解,逐渐形成微裂纹。结论 盐雾试验过程中,Ni-P镀层逐渐开裂剥落,Cu电极表面最终形成大面积疏松多孔的腐蚀产物层。H₂O、Cl^–、Na⁺等逐渐溶解扩散进入AlN陶瓷,导致陶瓷中空位、裂纹、杂质缺陷浓度增加,二者都会增强导热过程中的声子-缺陷散...     

苯取代化合物对底泥氨氧化活性的抑制作用研究

为研究污染物对氮循环中硝化过程的影响,利用摇瓶实验测定了24种苯取代化合物对底泥氨氧化活性的抑制作用. 结果表明,单取代苯化合物对底泥氨氧化活性抑制作用强弱顺序为:-OH>-NO₂>-NH₂>-Cl>-CH₃>-H;取代基的位置对抑制作用有一定的影响,二甲苯对底泥氨氧化活性抑制作用强弱顺序为:间>邻>对,苯二胺也表现为同样的趋势,但不明显;多取代甲基和氨基,随着取代基个数增加对底泥氨氧化抑制作用有增强趋势. 苯取代化合物对底泥氨氧化活性的抑制作用(IC50,μmol·L^-1)与取代基团电负性之和(∑E)有较好的相关关系:lgIC₅₀=14.72-0.91∑E,苯环上取代基团的∑E越大,该化合物对底泥氨氧化作用的抑制越明显.     

干法高炉煤气净化在唐钢一炼铁厂3~#高炉易地大修中的应用

详细介绍了唐钢３＃高炉干法煤气净化系统。该系统与湿式高炉煤气净化系统相比，提高了煤气质量，节能效果显著，具有广泛的推广使用价值。