西安夏季PM2.5中碳组分与水溶性无机离子特征分析

2012年8月6日—22日利用大气细颗粒物水溶性组分在线监测分析系统和大气气溶胶OC/EC在线分析仪在线分析了西安PM2.5中的水溶性无机离子和OC、EC,并结合气溶胶前体物SO2、NO2和部分气象参数的监测数据进行了分析。结果表明,PM2.5中OC、EC和主要水溶性组分SO2-4、NH+4和NO-3的比重分别为:14.34%、5.35%、26.32%、12.90%和11.28%;以有机物(OM)为主要成分的总碳气溶胶(TCA)在PM2.5中的质量分数为28.30%,其中光化学反应导致OM中二次组分(SOC)高达45.30%;对主要水溶性组分之间的相关性分析发现,NO-3、SO2-4、NH+43种主要组分之间的结合形态为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3,对Mg2+和Ca2+的相关分析反映其有多种共同源;此外,硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)均较高,表明大气中存在较强的光化学反应。PM2.5的各组分因子分析得到4个主要来源(机动车尾气和燃煤、土壤建筑尘和生物质燃烧、二次硝酸盐气溶胶、二次硫酸盐气溶胶)。     

pH值对"Fe0-厌氧微生物"体系去除2,4,6-三氯酚过程的影响

考察了pH值对"Fe0-厌氧微生物"体系降解2,4,6,-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)效果的影响,结果表明:pH值是影响"Fe0-厌氧微生物"体系降解2,4,6-TCP效果的重要参数,初始pH值直接影响微生物活性和铁腐蚀,进而影响过程pH值变化,反过来又影响铁腐蚀和微生物活性,pH 7.0～9.0的中性偏碱范围较适于厌氧微生物生长。Fe0与微生物对目标污染物的降解具有协同促进作用,其协同促进机制表现在3方面:Fe0与微生物对体系过程pH值具有互补调节作用,可将体系的pH值调节值适于微生物生长的中性范围;Fe0腐蚀产生的Fe2+和H2可为微生物代谢提供电子对和营养物质,从而促进生物还原脱氯的进行;Fe0的腐蚀过程直接对氯代有机物还原脱氯,而微生物又可促进Fe0腐蚀。     

Characteristics of an aerobic denitrifier that utilizes ammonium and nitrate simultaneously under the oligotrophic niche

Introduction

An aerobic denitrifier was isolated from the Hua-Jia-Chi pond in China and identified as Pseudomonas mendocina 3-7 (Genbank No. HQ285879). This isolated strain could express periplasmic nitrate reductase which is essential for aerobic denitrification occurred when the dissolved oxygen (DO) level maintains at 3?C10?mg?L^?1.

Methods

To determine whether the ability of isolated strain is exhibited in the bioremediation of polluted drinking source water, the heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification characteristics of P. mendocina 3-7 under different cultural conditions such as oxygen level, nitrate and organic concentrations were studied from the nitrogenous balance in the paper.

Results and conclusions

By measuring the nitrogen balance in all experiments under different culture conditions, the removal of total organic carbon and ammonium was positively correlated with total nitrogen removal, especially under high substrate level. With substrate concentration decreasing, ammonium and nitrate removal occurred separately, and ammonium was completely utilized first under low substrate concentration. Compared to that under high substrate level, the specific growth rate of P. mendocina 3-7 was not low under the low substrate level and the pollutant removal efficiencies remained high, which implies the stronger nitrogen removal and acclimatization capacities of the strain in oligotrophic niches.     

Pesticide contamination profiles of water, sediment and aquatic organisms in the effluent of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, including DDT, HCH and HCB) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) were measured in water, sediment, zooplankton, fish and Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) from Gaobeidian Lake, which is located in the effluent of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing, China. DDTs were dominant except for in water. In water, the concentrations of DDTs (6.22 ng l(-1)) and HCHs (18.0 ng l(-1)) were less than the limits (l000 ng l(-1) for DDTs and 5000 ng l(-1) for HCHs). However, PCBs concentration (20.8 ng l(-1)) exceeded the limit (14 ng l(-1)) suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The high ratio of p,p'-DDT/DDTs (0.80) in water suggested that DDTs had recently been discharged into the ambient environment despite a longtime ban in China. For fish and Pelodiscus sinensis, the accumulation patterns of OCPs and PCBs were different in muscle and liver. And HCB and PCB 153 were significant different in different species (p<0.05). PCBs were dominated by PCB 52 in zooplankton, but by PCB 138 and 153 in Pelodiscus sinensis. The highest food web magnification factor (FWMF) was 4.83 for p,p'-DDT and the second highest was 4.36 for PCB 101 in Gaobeidian Lake. As compared with the other studies, biomagnification in the present study was not obvious. Trophic levels and age were two important factors that might contribute to the bioaccumulation in the present study.     

模拟酸雨作用下红壤中CU2+的释放动力学

利用土柱研究了模拟酸雨淋溶下红壤中铜离子的释放动力学 .结果表明 :铜离子的累积释放量随时间的延长迅速增加 ,2 4h后基本达到平衡 ,48h后铜离子的释放明显受酸雨pH值的影响 ,pH >3 5时铜离子的释放规律依然相同 ,但pH 2 5时释放量却再次增加 .该过程可分为快速释放阶段和准平衡阶段 ,可用修正的Elovich方程和双常数速率方程来描述 ,且修正的Elovich方程更优     

稀土元素在水体食物链生物中迁移的摸拟研究

本文用动态和静态摸拟系统分别研究了稀土元素在小球藻-大型溞-鲤鱼食物链生物上的迁移。结果表明:水生生物对稀土的生物积累作用有从水体直接摄取和从食物间接摄取两种方式,但稀土元素在该食物链上无生物放大作用,生物体中积累的稀土量和水环境中残余的稀土浓度从轻稀土向重稀土递减,稀土元素在水环境中迁移的最重要形式可能是物理-化学迁移。     

废旧手机电路板酸性硫脲浸金过程动力学

废旧手机是一种典型电子废弃物,手机电路板中含有较高含量的贵金属,而金的回收是废旧手机资源化研究的热点。以硫脲为络合剂、硫酸铁为氧化剂、硫酸为调节剂,在pH为1.5、固液比为1:30、硫酸铁质量分数为0.3%的条件下,分别考查了硫脲浓度、反应温度、浸出时间等因素对酸性硫脲浸出废旧手机电路板中金的影响,采用核收缩模型探讨了酸性硫脲浸金体系浸出过程表观动力学,结果表明,酸性硫脲浸金过程的总体控制步骤为固体产物层扩散控制,其浸出过程动力学方程为1-2/3η-(1-η)2/3=KDt,硫脲浓度的反应级数为一级反应,该浸出过程表观活化能Ea=19.378 kJ/mol。由此推断,在酸性硫脲浸金体系中通过提高反应温度或通过增加硫脲浓度的途径来提高金的浸出率是有限的。     

嗜盐杆菌HSQAY1对中肋骨条藻的溶藻物质特性

研究嗜盐杆菌菌株(Halobacillus sp.HSQAY1)发酵液在不同pH、温度和反复冻融条件下对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)溶藻活性的环境稳定性;并采用乙醇沉淀、硫酸铵沉淀、超滤和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)等方法对溶藻物质的理化特性进行了初步探讨和分析。结果表明,该菌株产生的溶藻物质在强酸性条件下(pH=3)丧失活性,pH 5~11时的溶藻率在83.4%~98.4%之间;30~110℃时溶藻率在71.7%~94.5%之间,表现出一定的酸碱稳定性和热稳定性,且不受反复冻融(-20℃)影响。溶藻活性物质具有被乙醇和硫酸铵沉淀的特性,其活性组分是多种分子质量 > 10 kDa的蛋白类物质,溶藻活性蛋白粗提物的SDS-PAGE电泳显示,在15~50 kDa间有3条明显的特异蛋白条带。     

Carbon dioxide adsorption behaviors of aluminum-pillared montmorillonite-supported alkaline earth metals

The Al-pillared montmorillonite-supported alkaline earth metal 5M/Al-PILC(PILC = pillared clay, M = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) and x Mg/Al-PILC( x = 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt.%) samples were prepared using an impregnation method. Physical properties of the materials were determined by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD) and N₂ adsorption-desorption, and their CO₂ adsorption behaviors were investigated using the thermogravimetric analyzer(TG), CO₂ temperatureprogrammed desorption(CO...     

4种矿物质载体对硝化微生物富集培养的影响

硝化微生物具有附着生长的特性,载体筛选是其高效富集培养的关键。该研究选取钠基膨润土、钙基膨润土、碳酸钙和硅藻土共4种矿物质作为载体进行硝化微生物富集培养,在其结构特征分析的基础上,研究不同矿物质对硝化微生物氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率的影响,筛选出最佳矿物质载体并进行不同投加比试验(空白、1%、2%、3%、4%),明确硝化微生物富集培养的最佳矿物质载体及投加比。结果表明,4种矿物质均显著提高氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率,较对照组分别增加81.9%～192.8%和93.2%～155.6%;其中,投加硅藻土后氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率均为最高,较对照组分别增加192.8%和155.6%;不同硅藻土投加比例均显著增加氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率,较对照组分别增加121.1%～262%和101.2%～216%;尽管比氨氧化速率和比亚硝酸盐氧化速率随着投加比的增加依次降低32%～59.1%和36.7%～60.8%,但4%投加比处理效果仍为最佳,富集培养过程中硝化微生物的增长符合逻辑斯蒂增长模型,其对载体的利用率随硅藻土投加比的增大而降低。