Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China

Tonghui River, a typical river in Beijing, People's Republic of China, was studied for its water and sediment quality, by determining the levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 18 organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment samples. Total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in water varied from 192.5 to 2651 ng/l, 31.58-344.9 ng/l and 134.9-3788 ng/l, respectively. The total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in surficial sediments were 127-928 ng/g, 0.78-8.47 ng/g and 1.79-13.98 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of these selected organic pollutants in sediment was higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments. The PAHs were dominated by 2-, 3-ring components in water samples and by 3- and 4-ring compounds in sediment. For organochlorines, alpha-HCH, delta-HCH, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, DDT are the major organochlorine pesticides in water while Heptachlor, Dieldrin and DDE composed of 95% of total organochlorine pesticides in sediment. For HCHs (HCHs=alpha-HCH+beta-HCH+gamma-HCH+delta-HCH), the predominance of alpha-HCH of total HCHs were clearly observed in water and sediment. PCB18, PCB31 and PCB52 were predominant in water, on average these compounds collectively accounted for 67% of total PCBs. But in sediment, the predominant compounds were PCB28, PCB31 and PCB153, which accounted for 71% of total PCBs in sediment. The levels of micro pollutants in our study areas were compared with other studies.     

In vitro biotransformation of PBDEs by root crude enzyme extracts: Potential role of nitrate reductase (NaR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in their debromination

In order to investigate the enzyme transformation of PBDEs and to track the key enzymes involved in PBDE degradation in plants, in vivo exposure of plants of ryegrass, pumpkin and maize and in vitro exposure of their root crude enzyme extracts to PBDEs were conducted. Degradation of PBDEs in the root crude enzyme solutions fit well with the first order kinetics (R² = 0.52–0.97, P < 0.05), and higher PBDEs degraded faster than the lower ones. PBDEs could be transformed to lower brominated PBDEs and hydroxylated-PBDEs by the root crude enzyme extracts with debromination as the main pathway which contributed over 90% of PBDE depletion. In vitro and in vivo exposure to PBDEs produced similar responses in root enzyme activities of which the nitroreductase (NaR) and glutathione-transferase (GST) activities decreased significantly, while the peroxidase, catalase and cytochrome P-450 activities had no significant changes. Furthermore, higher enzyme concentrations of NaR and GST led to higher PBDE debromination rates, and the time-dependent activities of NaR and GST in the root crude enzyme extracts were similar to the trends of PBDE depletion. All these results suggest that NaR and GST were the key enzymes responsible for PBDE degradation. This conclusion was further confirmed by the in vitro debromination of PBDEs with the commercial pure NaR and GST.     

铜氰溶液的电子束辐照降解

研究了铜氰溶液中总氰初始浓度、pH、铜浓度等对总氰降解效率的影响,比较了KCN溶液和铜氰溶液的总氰降解率,初步推断了铜氰溶液在辐照过程中的降解机制.实验结果表明,在同样的辐照剂量下,随着总氰初始浓度的增加,总氰降解率降低,相应的总氰降解G值增大;铜浓度越低,总氰降解率越高;pH越小的铜氰溶液总氰降解率越高.电子束辐照KCN溶液和铜氰溶液的总氰降解反应属于表观一级反应.在相同的辐照剂量下,KCN溶液的总氰降解率比铜氰溶液要高得多.铜氰溶液的电子束辐照降解过程非常复杂,主要是铜氰络合离子逐步离解出的CN-与·OH的反应.     

大气气溶胶含碳物质基本特征综述

准确界定了气溶胶含碳物质,特别是有机碳和元素碳的基本概念,指出了元素碳与黑碳的异同,总结了有机碳和元素碳的排放源,以及二次有机碳的经验公式.阐述了有机碳、元素碳对全球气候、大气化学过程及人体健康带来的危害及机理.归纳了气溶胶中有机碳、元素碳组分的空间分布特征、时间变化特征.概述了国内气溶胶有机碳、元素碳的研究状况,指出国内相关研究重点和趋势.     

高岭土对不同污染物微滤过程的影响

本研究采用原子力显微镜(AFM)结合自制的膜探针以及Zeta电位仪通过分别测量不同有机污染物,即腐殖酸(HA)、牛血清蛋白(BSA)和海藻酸钠(SA)与微滤膜之间的粘附力以及相应污染物的Zeta电位,对高岭土在不同有机物微滤过程的影响进行了系统性研究。结果表明,高岭土对污染膜通量衰减的影响主要发生在膜过滤的初期阶段,其存在使HA污染膜的初期通量衰减幅度增加,BSA和SA污染膜的初期通量衰减幅度减缓;清洗后HA污染膜的通量恢复率降低,而BSA和SA污染膜的通量恢复率增大。而且,高岭土的存在使膜-HA之间的粘附力变大以及HA溶液的Zeta电位变小,膜-BSA、SA之间的粘附力变小以及相应污染物的Zeta电位都增大。因此,膜-污染物之间粘附力以及溶液的Zeta电位的变化可以指示膜污染的变化趋势。     

Role of goethite dissolution in the oxidation of 2-chlorophenol with hydrogen peroxide.

It is well known that the dissolution of goethite plays an important role in catalyzing the oxidation of organic chemicals. Therefore, this study investigates how surface dissolution of goethite affects 2-chlorophenol oxidation in the goethite/H2O2 process. Experimental results indicate that ligand and reductant can enhance the dissolution rate of goethite, which is surface-controlled. Our results further indicate 2-chlorophenol degradation depends on goethite concentration. In addition, the oxidation rate of 2-CP is correlated with reductive dissolution rate at various dosages of goethite. Moreover, the oxidation mechanism of 2-CP is also a surface-controlled reaction. A mechanism proposed herein indicates that, in addition to the contaminant, its intermediate species affect the oxidation rate as well.     

公路两侧土壤中铅和镉污染以及存在形态分布的分析

测定了土壤中铅、镉总量,并采用五级连续浸提法和石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法对北京市3条典型公路两侧的土壤样品中铅和镉的存在形态分布进行了测定.结果表明,所选3条公路出京方向右侧的土壤铅和镉污染严重,其铅、镉总量分别是北京地区土壤铅和镉含量背景值的1.62～6.69、5.97～18.74倍.土壤中铅主要以铁锰氧化物结合态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和残渣态等形式存在,镉主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形式存在,而活性强的离子交换态浓度均较低.不容忽视的是,铅和镉的碳酸盐结合态在碱性条件下稳定,但是具有遇酸释放的隐患.     

Biomarker responses and reproductive toxicity of the effluent from a Chinese large sewage treatment plant in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The present study was conducted to assess the potential toxicity of the effluent from a large sewage treatment plant (GBD-STP) in Beijing. Japanese medakas (Oryzias latipes) at reproduction active period were exposed to a serial of graded concentrations of the effluent or 100 ng l-1 of 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2, positive control). Growth, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), reproductive success, induction potency of vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish and that of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity (EROD) in male fish liver were used as test endpoints. The growth suppression of fish was observed in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in significant differences in both body length and body weight of medaka above 5% effluent. This effluent can inhibit the growth of gonad of medakas and are more sensitive to male than to female. At exposure concentration of 40% and higher, there was an unexpected decrease of HSI values, which may be resulted from sub-lethal toxicity of effluent to fish liver. VTG of plasma in males were induced in all exposure concentration levels, but not in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of 5% effluent would be the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) affecting reproductive success when examining fertile individuals, fecundity and fertilization rate. The overt CYP1A response and higher reproductive toxicity may be indicative of low process efficiency of this STP.     

Cytotoxicity and DNA damage of five organophosphorus pesticides mediated by oxidative stress in PC12 cells and protection by vitamin E

Previous studies have demonstrated that pesticides could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and that oxidative stress may be an important factor involved. However, investigations comparing the capability of different organophosphorous (OP) compounds to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are limited. Hence, the aim of this paper was to access the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five OPs or metabolites, Acephate (ACE), Methamidophos (MET), Chloramidophos (CHL), Malathion (MAT) and Malaoxon (MAO), and to clarify the role of oxidative stress, using PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that MET, MAT and MAO caused significant inhibition of cell viability and increased DNA damage in PC12 cells at 40 mg L^?1. MAO was more toxic than the other OPs. ACE, MET, MAT and MAO increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) at 20 mg L^?1 and 40 mg L^?1 to different degrees. Pre-treatment with vitamin E(600 μM)caused a significant attenuation in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; pre-treatment reversed subsequent OP-induced elevation of peroxidation products and the decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that oxidative damage is likely to be an initiating event that contributes to the OP-induced cytotoxicity.     

连续流改进A~2/O反应器去污效果及分相培养研究

以生活污水为原水,在常温(25~33℃)条件下采用连续流改进A2/O反应器进行脱氮除磷实验研究。系统内COD降解,TN与TP去除主要在活性污泥段完成,而NH4+-N去除基本在生物接触氧化区完成。从中沉池出水硝态氮影响因素分析可知,选用较高的有机负荷有利于实现系统内分相培养。泥龄对实现系统内微生物异养菌和自养菌的分相培养具有关键影响。当泥龄10 d,可实现系统内异养菌与自养菌的分相培养。