基于熵权法的集对分析模型在青岛市崂山区海水入侵现状评价中的应用

传统海水入侵现状评价中单指标评价法指标存在随机性和不确定性等问题,论文将熵权理论和集对分析模型相结合,以青岛市崂山区海水入侵实测点为例进行研究。基于咸、淡水中的重要特征成分的显著差异,选取了Cl-,M,SO₄2-,γCl-/γHCO₃-,SAR五项化学特征指标作为评价指标。研究结果表明崂山区海水入侵主要分布于江家土寨东-浦里社区北入侵段,王哥庄-港西-港东入侵段、仰口湾入侵段、登瀛村-栲栳岛入侵段。该评价结果与单指标（Cl-）评价法反映的海水入侵现状具有一致性,比单指标评价法具有优势,可见基于熵权法的集对分析模型合理可靠,评价结果较为准确。     

Assessing the capacity of biochar to stabilize copper and lead in contaminated sediments using chemical and extraction methods

Because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar has been used to stabilize metals when remediating contaminated soils; to date, however, it has seldom been used to remediate contaminated sediment. A biochar was used as a stabilization agent to remediate Cu- and Pb-contaminated sediments, collected from three locations in or close to Beijing. The sediments were mixed with a palm sawdust gasified biochar at a range of weight ratios (2.5%, 5%, and 10%) and incubated for 10, 30, or 60?days. The performance of the different treatments and the heavy metal fractions in the sediments were assessed using four extraction methods, including diffusive gradients in thin films, the porewater concentration, a sequential extraction, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The results showed that biochar could enhance the stability of heavy metals in contaminated sediments. The degree of stability increased as both the dose of biochar and the incubation time increased. The sediment pH and the morphology of the metal crystals adsorbed onto the biochar changed as the contact time increased. Our results showed that adsorption, metal crystallization, and the pH were the main controls on the stabilization of metals in contaminated sediment by biochar.     

Low nutrient levels as drinking water conditions can reduce the fitness cost of efflux pump-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The long-term persistence of antibiotic resistance in the environment, especially in drinking water, is a public health concern. Expression of an efflux pump, an important mechanism of resistance to antibiotics, usually confers a fitness cost in bacteria. In this study, we aimed to determine why antibiotic resistance conferred by overexpression of an efflux pump persisted in low-nutrient environments(TOC 10 mg/L) such as drinking and source water in which antibiotic selective pressure might be very low or even absent.Competition experiments between wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ciprofloxacinresistant mutants revealed that the fitness cost of ciprofloxacin resistance significantly decreased(p 0.05) under low-nutrient(0.5 mg/L total organic carbon(TOC)) relative to high-nutrient(500 mg/L TOC) conditions. Mechanisms underlying this fitness cost were analyzed. The mexD gene expression in resistant bacteria(cip_3 strain) was significantly lower(p 0.05) in low-nutrient conditions, with 10 mg/L TOC((8.01 ± 0.82)-fold), than in high-nutrient conditions, with 500 mg/L TOC((48.89 ± 4.16)-fold). Moreover, rpoS gene expression in resistant bacteria((1.36 ± 0.13)-fold) was significantly lower(p 0.05) than that in the wild-type strain((2.78 ± 0.29)-fold) under low-nutrient conditions(10 mg/L TOC),suggesting a growth advantage. Furthermore, the difference in metabolic activity between the two competing strains was significantly smaller(p 0.05) in low-nutrient conditions(5 and 0.5 mg/L TOC). These results suggest that nutrient levels are a key factor in determining the persistence of antibiotic resistance conferred by efflux pumps in the natural environment with trace amounts or no antibiotics.     

衡水市大气污染成因研究及治理经验

衡水市作为"2+26"城市中典型的低GDP、高污染城市,其空气质量排名常年处于74个重点城市的后10位.自大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目工作开展以来,衡水市开展了大量污染成因研究及污染治理工作,已取得了较为明显的大气污染治理成效.从空气质量变化、排放源、污染物来源解析及气象条件与排放贡献等方面,梳理了衡水市大气污染成因研究及治理经验.结果表明:①衡水市的空气质量得到较大改善,PM₁₀和PM_2.5治理成效明显.2018年衡水市ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）年均值比2017年分别下降了25.12%和19.73%,比2013年分别下降了54.84%和51.22%,但O₃污染形势逐渐严峻,以O₃为首要污染物的天数由55 d（2013年）增至125 d（2018年）.②相比于2016年,衡水市2017年SO₂、NO_x、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、BC、OC、VOC的排放总量均大幅下降.③2013-2018年导致衡水市PM_2.5下降的因素中,气象因素占8.0%,排放源因素占92.0%,说明衡水市通过减排措施改善空气质量的效果较为显著.④硝酸盐已经取代硫酸盐成为秋冬季颗粒物二次转化中最重要、占比最高的成分.研究显示,衡水市高ρ（PM_2.5）主要以本地排放和临近地区输送为主,为有效控制衡水市PM_2.5污染的发生与发展,应采取本地排放控制与"2+26"城市联防联控相结合的方案.      

Di-(2-ethylhexy)-phthalate在细菌及细菌-矿物复合体表面的吸附解吸行为

以土壤中分离出的邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)高耐性细菌(伯克霍尔德菌,Burkholderia sp.)及3种常见矿物为实验材料,研究Burkholderia sp.及其矿物复合体对DEHP的吸附解吸行为,包括吸附动力学、吸附等温曲线、pH的影响、FTIR分析等.结果显示,Burkholderia sp.能在较短时间内完成对DEHP的吸附;DEHP在细菌表面的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程(R20.97);Burkholderia sp.吸附DEHP的最适pH为7.0~8.0.蒙脱石、针铁矿、高岭土及细菌对DEHP的吸附能力大小依次为:蒙脱石针铁矿伯克霍尔德菌高岭土;同时,蒙脱石-细菌复合体系对DEHP结合能力最强,而高岭土和针铁矿-细菌复合体系对DEHP的结合强度较小.FTIR分析结果表明细菌表面的蛋白质及脂质部分在DEHP吸附过程中的作用较大,而疏水性作用等是DEHP与细菌及复合体相互结合的主要作用力.这些结果都与DEHP在环境中的迁移转化行为密切相关,对评估该类化合物的环境生态风险以及控制环境污染都具有重要的指导意义.     

VUV/HPW/BMMs体系对全氟辛酸（PFOA）的脱氟研究

采用真空紫外灯(VUV)和双模型介孔材料(BMMs)负载磷钨酸(HPW)催化剂构建光催化体系,探究该体系对水中全氟辛酸(PFOA)的脱氟效果.研究了PFOA初始浓度、HPW/BMMs投加量、初始p H值对体系脱氟的影响,并采用响应曲面法(Response Surface Method,RSM)分析了最佳边界反应条件.结果表明,体系对PFOA具有明显的脱氟效果:脱氟效率随PFOA初始浓度的增大而减小;催化剂投加量为0.2 g·L~(-1),脱氟效率最高达50.2%;体系p H为3~4时,体系脱氟效果显著.基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,各影响因子对脱氟效率的显著性排序为:p HPFOA初始浓度HPW/BMMs投加量.p H值与HPW/BMMs投加量及初始PFOA浓度交互作用显著,模型回归性良好,最佳运行条件为:p H=3.82,HPW/BMMs投加量为0.3 g·L~(-1),PFOA初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),反应4 h的脱氟率达到52.6%,与预测值相比偏差为1.2%.本研究为高效降解全氟化合物提供了新思路.     

低温等离子体处理工业废气中甲苯的研究进展

甲苯作为挥发性有机化合物的代表,其治理技术已成为研究的热点。介绍了低温等离子体的概况及其处理甲苯的机理,重点概述了单独低温等离子体技术处理甲苯的放电形式、放电参数以及低温等离子体协同催化技术处理甲苯的工艺、催化剂种类和放电模式,并对低温等离子体技术处理工业废气中甲苯的发展方向进行了展望。低温等离子体技术处理工业废气中甲苯的处理效率高,但选择性较差,通过协同催化技术,可以进一步提高选择性,具有很好的应用前景。     

超声波辅助化学萃取对某工业场地铅污染土壤修复效果研究

以某铅蓄电池厂污染场地5个铅污染区域(WS、A、B、C及BZ)的土壤为研究对象,对土壤中铅全量及各形态含量进行分析.在0.1 mol.L-1EDTA,30 min,25℃相同条件下,使用超声波辅助化学洗脱(ultrasonic-assisted chemical extraction,UCE)与传统化学洗脱(conventional chemical extraction,CCE)两种不同的作用方式,对铅的去除效率进行比较,并对两种不同清洗方式后铅的形态变化进行了探讨.结果表明,UCE对铅的去除效率显著优于CCE.在CCE作用下,5份污染土壤WS、A、B、C、BZ铅的去除效率依次为10.06%、48.29%、48.69%、53.28%及36.26%,而UCE作用下铅的去除效率依次为22.42%、69.31%、71.00%、74.49%及71.58%,平均效率高出22%.通过对比两种清洗方式后土壤中的铅形态发现,酸可提取态在UCE作用后持平或有所降低,但CCE后使酸溶态有增高的趋势;对于铁锰氧化态,UCE对其有着极好的去除能力,可达98%左右,同时对有机物及硫化物结合态、残渣态也具有较好的去除能力.因此,UCE在化学萃取中的应用具有一定的可行性,是一种简单、极快速去除污染场地中重金属铅的增效手段.     

危险化学品名录研究

系统研究和比对了国际公约/协定中,欧盟、日本等发达地区/国家及我国的危险化学品名录。在比对研究的基础上,提出了制定我国危险化学品名录的原则,确定了与我国法规标准相一致、与联合国GHS制度相协调的我国优先监管危险化学品名录。     

低碳经济与四川生态省建设

本文从分析低碳经济与生态省建设的关系入手,明确提出发展低碳经济是建设生态省的重要途径的论点,并结合国内外发展低碳经济背景及四川省省情,简要阐述了四川省发展低碳经济的紧迫性、有利条件和发展现状,最后从生态省建设入手,对四川省低碳经济发展提出了建议。