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531.
Phosphorus is the restrictive factor of water eutrophication and phosphorus removal is the key point to control this phenomenon. It's also important to recover phosphorus resource from wastewater. Crystallization method was used to treat and recycle high concentration phosphorus wastewater, the selection of organic solvent, influence of volume ratio of organic solvent and wastewater, precipitation time and stirring speed on the production of crystal and its structure was investigated. Experimental results indicate that, with ethanol as extractant, under the condition of volume ratio of ethanol to wastewater being 1.5:1 and stirring speed about 200 r/min, crystal precipitated fast with fine crystal shape and purity, phosphorus removal efficiency more than 85% was obtained. 相似文献
532.
533.
Robert K. Dixon Xi Wang Michael Q. Wang Ju Wang Zhihong Zhang 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(7):775-789
The demand for urban transportation in China, including cars, motorbikes, buses, and trains, is growing substantially. China’s
transportation fleet is projected to expand from 16 to 94 million vehicles between 2000 and 2020, with liquid and electricity
transport fuel demand growing from about 5 Quadrillion British Thermal Units (Quads) to over 20 Quads in 2035. In response
to energy security, economic growth and environmental protection needs, Chinese government agencies, academia and the private
sector have organized their programs and investments to advance development and demonstration of sustainable alternative transportation
systems. This analysis surveys historic development of fuel cell vehicle (FCV) including fuel cell buses (FCB) technology
in China, summarizes recent efforts to scale-up FCV development and associated infrastructure in major Chinese cities, and
briefly addresses future directions in Chinese fuel cell and hydrogen energy technology development. Since the late 1990’s,
Chinese universities, government institutions and the private sector have implemented research, development, demonstration
and deployment programs for electric (EV), fuel cell (FCV), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). These efforts have advanced
the feasibility of FCVs to be a part of sustainable urban transportation system, including technical performance, infrastructure,
and customer acceptance. Three generations of FCVs, START I, START II and START III have been developed, demonstrated and
deployed. Similarly, several generations of FCBs have been developed and demonstrated. Collectively, these efforts have demonstrated
and deployed over 1,000 FCBs and FCVs in several Chinese cities. Large-scale, intensive-use FCV and FCB demonstration trials,
including those during the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2010 Shanghai World Exposition (EXPO), have been successfully built
and operated. Infrastructure, such as hydrogen production facilities, fuelling stations, and maintenance stations have been
constructed and operated to support the fleets of FCBs and FCVs. Experiences learned from these FCV research, development,
and demonstration activities are the foundation for scaling up infrastructure and fleet trials in a growing number of cities
in eastern and western China. An aggressive research and development vision and 2020 technology performance targets provide
a foundation for the next generation of EVs, FCVs and HEVs, and, options for China’s efforts to develop a portfolio of sustainable
transportation systems. 相似文献
534.
无机添加剂对PVDF/PMMA/TPU中空纤维共混膜结构与性能的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用相转化法制备纳米氧化物PVDF/PMMA/TPU共混中空纤维膜。测定共混膜的纯水接触角和黏度、并经扫描电子显微镜、共混膜的超滤实验和拉伸实验分别对不同添加剂膜的亲水性能、微观结构、超滤性能和机械性能进行了分析。结果表明,纳米氧化物的加入使膜的性能有明显的改善,其中无氧化物、添加SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3的PVDF/PMMA/TPU复合膜对牛血清白蛋白的截留率分别为28.7%、65.8%7、1.4%和79.6%,同时添加无机氧化物的膜水通量也较未添加无机氧化物的膜有所提高;而且无机氧化物的加入还能改善膜的亲水性能和机械性能。 相似文献
535.
为有效提高雾化降尘效率,以长焰煤为例,从接触角、表面张力静态试验和粒径测定、喷雾降尘动态试验角度切入,探究不同类型表面活性剂与无机盐的协同关系,进而优选出降尘效果最佳的配比方案。研究结果表明:阴与阴、阴与非、非与非离子复配型表面活性剂与无机盐之间均存在显著协同效应,且通过正交试验可确定协同效果最优的3组配方及其最佳浓度;对比清水,3组配方的平均粒径均有所减小,降尘效率均有大幅提升。综合优选出的最佳配比为质量分数0.08%的仲烷基磺酸钠、0.04%的曲拉通X-100和0.04%的氯化钙复合配制的溶液,该方案的全尘降尘效率为92.55%,比清水提升79.95%;呼尘降尘效率为91.27%,比清水提升82.36%。 相似文献
536.
MBR污水处理工艺中活性污泥动力学参数测定 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
缺乏可靠的污泥动力学设计参数是膜-生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)工艺在实际应用中遇到的主要问题之一.以某座处理城市污水的实际规模MBR工程的好氧活性污泥为对象,采用耗氧速率表征方法,测定计算得到以下动力学参数值:异养菌产率系数YH=0.693、自养菌产率系数YA=0.263、异养菌衰减系数KdH=0.108 d-1、自养菌衰减系数KdA=0.089 d-1、COD最大比去除速率vmS=1.94 mg·(mg·d)-1、COD去除半饱和常数KS=34.6 mg·L-1、氨氮最大比去除速率vmN=0.18 mg·(mg·d)-1、氨氮去除半饱和常数KN=1.06 mg·L-1.以上结果与传统活性污泥法工艺(CAS)中污泥的文献报道值相比,YH和KdH较高,而vmS和vmN较低.MBR的高污泥浓度条件可能是导致上述差异出现的主要原因. 相似文献
537.
538.
聊城冬小麦测土配方施肥项目生命周期环境效益分析 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
测土配方施肥行动已在全国范围内开展,其实施效果还有待评估,而生命周期分析有助于系统地评估其实施的直接与间接环境效益.因此,本研究以山东省聊城市2006—2010年冬小麦的测土配方施肥项目为例,对冬小麦施肥生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放进行清单分析,并以常规施肥区为参照对象评估测土配方施肥项目的环境净效益.结果表明,测土配方施肥通过化肥减量使用和合理搭配,提高了单产,显著减少了冬小麦生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放量,其富营养化、环境酸化的减缓效益和节能效益分别相当于2000年世界人均影响潜力的6.90%、1.38%和0.89%.环境效益年际间总体上呈下降趋势,表明测土配方施肥项目起到了一定的示范推广作用,常规施肥区农户对氮肥的使用趋于理性,但磷肥投入尚有减量潜力,是继续改善项目实施效益的关键. 相似文献
539.
Dabaoshan Mine, the largest mine in south China, has been developed since the 1970s. Acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the mine has caused severe environmental pollution and human health problems. In this article, chemical characteristics, mineralogy of ocher precipitations and heavy metal attenuation in the AMD are discussed based on physicochemical analysis, mineral analysis, sequential extraction experiments and hydrogeochemistry. The AMD chemical characteristics were determined from the initial water composition, water-rock interactions and dissolved sulfide minerals in the mine tailings. The waters, affected and unaffected by AMD, were Ca-SO4 and Ca-HCO3 types, respectively. The affected water had a low pH, high SO42- and high heavy metal content and oxidation as determined by the Fe2+/Fe3+ couple. Heavy metal and SO42- contents of Hengshi River water decreased, while pH increased, downstream. Schwertmannite was the major mineral at the waste dump, while goethite and quartz were dominant at the tailings dam and streambed. Schwertmannite was transformed into goethite at the tailings dam and streambed. The sulfate ions of the secondary minerals changed from bidentate- to monodentate-complexes downstream. Fe-Mn oxide phases of Zn, Cd and Pb in sediments increased downstream. However, organic matter complexes of Cu in sediments increased further away from the tailings. Fe3+ mineral precipitates and transformations controlled the AMD water chemistry. 相似文献
540.
以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、聚丙二醇(PPG-1000)为主要原料,二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)为亲水扩链剂,一缩二乙二醇(DEG)为小分子扩链剂,三乙胺(TEA)为中和剂,合成水性聚氨酯(WPU)溶液。研究了异氰酸根与羟值(NCO/OH)摩尔比、中和度等因素对WPU溶液黏度性能的影响。初步获得水性聚氨酯压制剂的制备工艺,即:NCO/OH投料比0.80~1.0,中和度100%,初聚温度60℃,预聚75℃,预聚时间3h,扩链1.5h,按照此配比及工艺制备的水性聚氨酯溶液稳定性能较好。 相似文献