丙烯腈诱导的氧化应激对大鼠肝脏内质网应激信号通路的影响

为探讨丙烯腈(acrylonitrile,ACN)诱导的大鼠肝脏氧化损伤对内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)信号通路的影响,我们将50只SPF级成年雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为5组,每组10只。各组分别以12.5、25.0、50.0 mg·kg~(-1)ACN灌胃染毒,N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)干预组先用300.0 mg·kg~(-1)NAC灌胃30 min后再灌50.0 mg·kg~(-1)ACN,对照组以0.5 mL·(100 g)~(-1)的玉米油灌胃,1次·天~(-1),6天·周~(-1),共计13周。染毒结束后,检测肝脏组织氧化还原酶活力及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,GRP78、CHOP及caspase-12 mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果显示:低、中ACN组大鼠肝脏GSH含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);低ACN组大鼠肝脏GSH-Px活力、SOD活力及MDA含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);中、高ACN组大鼠肝脏CAT活力明显低于对照组(P0.05)。NAC干预后可逆转ACN诱导的大鼠肝脏GSH含量、MDA含量及SOD活力的变化。RT-PCR结果显示,高ACN组大鼠肝脏GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12 mRNA表达水平与对照组比较均升高(P0.05)。NAC干预后,CHOP、caspase-12 mRNA表达水平与高ACN组比较均降低(P0.05)。Western Blot结果显示,高ACN组大鼠肝脏GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12蛋白表达水平与对照组比较均升高(P0.05),NAC干预后可逆转以上作用。结果表明,ACN慢性染毒对大鼠肝脏的氧化损伤可激活ERS信号通路,NAC可减轻氧化损伤的程度而阻断ERS信号通路,这可能是ACN产生肝脏毒性的机制之一。     

面向人体暴露评价的植物中抗生素分析进展

抗生素通过动物粪便或生物固体的施用、再生水灌溉进入农业土壤后可以被蔬菜和粮食作物吸收,从而造成人体的被动暴露。为了评估抗生素对人体暴露的健康风险,需要基于植物样品,发展灵敏、稳定且针对性强的分析方法。本文综述了植物样品中抗生素残留分析的研究进展,重点介绍了样品提取、净化等前处理方法及其仪器分析方法,并对植物样品中抗生素分析的研究方向进行了展望。     

初始几何缺陷对埋地管道屈曲临界载荷影响研究

管道初始几何缺陷与屈曲临界载荷间的关系已经成为新的研究方向。利用有限元方法对管道初始几何缺陷与临界载荷的关系进行研究,建立管道模型,在特征值屈曲分析基础上,输入不同比例的几何缺陷,逐个分析管道模型中节点的横向位移情况。结果显示,当几何缺陷达到一定程度时,屈曲临界载荷明显降低,且与初始几何缺陷具有线性相关性,利用Matlab对结果作线性拟合,给出了修正后的屈曲临界载荷公式。     

钛硅分子筛催化双氧水氧化水中间甲酚

探索催化双氧水氧化去除间甲酚对开发炼油厂碱渣废水处理新技术意义重大。采用钛硅分子筛催化双氧水氧化水中间甲酚,考察了反应时间、反应温度、双氧水加入量、催化剂加入量和初始溶液pH对间甲酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明：钛硅分子筛对双氧水氧化间甲酚具有显著的催化作用;在反应时间为90 min、反应温度为80 ℃、n（H₂O₂）∶n（间甲酚）为4、催化剂加入量为1.5 g/L、初始溶液pH为1.0~11.0的条件下,间甲酚去除率约为94%,间甲酚溶液的BOD₅/COD从氧化前的0.26提高到氧化后的0.38,可生化性显著提高。     

光照对焦化废水植物毒性的影响

利用植物毒性试验的方法,研究了不同光照条件下,焦化废水对黍和黄瓜种子发芽率,根长,根重,芽重的影响。结果表明,在光条件下用焦化废水对植物进行培养,其毒性较在黑暗培养明显增强,将焦化废水在同样的光照条件下进行预处理后,其荧光光谱发生变化。     

动态浸出模拟实验系统与静态浸出试验的对比

建立了动态浸出试验－－小柱模拟实验系统,研究在非饱和水条件下危险物质在填埋场中的迁移和浸出规律,并和静肪浸出实验进行比较,结果表明,在非饱和入渗条件下危险物质的浸出浓度要比静态浸出实验的结果小１００倍左右,危险发的浸出速率也远小于静实验的结果,同时,危险物质的浸出速率随废物层饮水度的增加而迅速增加。     

德国可再生能源利用现状与减少CO2排放量的探讨

联邦德国为了降低矿物燃料的消耗并减少ＣＯ２的排放量,在发展和利用再生能源方面作出了巨大的努力。本文阐述了德国可再生能源的利用现状,分析了利用可再生能源的技术,经济方面的问题,讨论了减少ＣＯ２排放理的有效方法。     

Efficient production of hydrogen peroxide in microbial reverse-electrodialysis cells coupled with thermolytic solutions

● Appreciable H₂O₂ production rate was achieved in MRCs utilizing NH₄HCO₃ solutions. ● Carbon black outperformed activated carbon as the catalyst for H₂O₂ production. ● The optimum carbon black loading for H₂O₂ production on air-cathode was 10 mg/cm². ● The optimum number of cell pairs was determined to be three. ● A maximum power density of 980 mW/m² was produced by MRCs with 5 cell pairs. H₂O₂ was produced at an appreciable rate in microbial reverse-electrodialysis cells (MRCs) coupled with thermolytic solutions, which can simultaneously capture waste heat as electrical energy. To determine the optimal cathode and membrane stack configurations for H₂O₂ production, different catalysts, catalyst loadings and numbers of membrane cell pairs were tested. Carbon black (CB) outperformed activated carbon (AC) for H₂O₂ production, although AC showed higher catalytic activity for oxygen reduction. The optimum CB loading was 10 mg/cm² in terms of both the H₂O₂ production rate and power production. The optimum number of cell pairs was determined to be three based on a tradeoff between H₂O₂ production and capital costs. A H₂O₂ production rate as high as 0.99 ± 0.10 mmol/(L·h) was achieved with 10 mg/cm² CB loading and 3 cell pairs, where the H₂O₂ recovery efficiency was 52 ± 2% and the maximum power density was 780 ± 37 mW/m². Increasing the number of cell pairs to five resulted in an increase in maximum power density (980 ± 21 mW/m²) but showed limited effects on H₂O₂ production. These results indicated that MRCs can be an efficient method for sustainable H₂O₂ production.     

Enhancement of extracellular Cr(VI) reduction for anammox recovery using hydrazine: performance,pathways, and mechanism

● N₂H₄ addition enhanced and recovered anammox performance under Cr(VI) stress. ● N₂H₄ accelerated electron transfer of Cr(VI) reduction for detoxification. ● N₂H₄ enhanced anammox metabolism for activity recovery from Cr(VI) inhibition. ● Extracellular Cr(VI) reduction to less toxic Cr(III) was the dominant mechanism. The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) would frequently impose inhibition to anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process, hindering the efficiency of nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment. Hydrazine (N₂H₄), which is an intermediate product of anammox, participates in intracellular metabolism and extracellular Cr(VI) reduction. However, the roles of N₂H₄-induced intracellular metabolism and extracellular reduction in nitrogen removal under Cr(VI) stress remain unclear. The addition of 3.67 mg/L of N₂H₄ increased the anammox activity by 17%. As an intermediate, N₂H₄ enhanced anammox metabolism by increasing the heme c content and electron transfer system activity. As a reductant, N₂H₄ accelerated the reduction of c-Cyts-mediated extracellular Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). Extracellular Cr(III) accounts for 74% of the total Cr in a Cr(VI)-stressed anammox consortia. These findings highlight that N₂H₄-induced extracellular Cr(VI) reduction is the dominant mechanism for the survival of anammox consortia. We also found that N₂H₄ increased the production of extracellular polymeric substances to sequester excessive Cr(VI) and produced Cr(III). Taken together, the study findings suggest a potential strategy for enhancing nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich wastewater contaminated with Cr(VI).     

天山北坡经济带城市NO2污染的时空分布特征

基于2015—2020年近地面NO₂质量浓度数据和2019年哨兵-5P TROPOMI卫星探测的对流层NO₂柱浓度数据,采用相关性分析、趋势分析等方法探究新疆天山北坡经济带6个城市NO₂污染的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）从年均值来看,天山北坡经济带NO₂质量浓度总体呈下降趋势,尤其2018—2020年下降明显。其中乌鲁木齐NO₂质量浓度值最高、博乐最低。（2）从季度均值和月均值来看,各城市NO₂质量浓度季节变化明显,其中夏季最低、冬季最高;月均值呈“中间低、两头高”的变化特征。（3）从日均值来看,各城市NO₂质量浓度大多呈现双峰型分布,分别出现在早上10:00和晚上23:00。（4）从空间分布来看,NO₂柱浓度高值区多分布在人口密集和工业发达的城市地区,尤其是乌鲁木齐、昌吉、五家渠、石河子污染最为严重。