Bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia to induce struvite crystallization for recovering phosphorus from aqueous solution

A novel struvite crystallization method induced by bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia(MgO) was investigated to recover phosphorus(P) from aqueous solution using a dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cell(DMEC). Magnesium ion(Mg~(2+)) in the anolyte was firstly confirmed to automatically migrate from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber, and then react with ammonium(NH+4) and phosphate(PO_4~(3-)) in the catholyte to form struvite. Recovery efficiency of 17.8%–60.2% was obtained with the various N/P ratios in the catholyte. When MgO(low solubility under alkali conditions) was added into the anolyte, the bioelectrochemical acidolysis of MgO naturally took place and the released Mg~(2+)induced struvite crystallization in the cathode chamber for P recovery likewise.Besides, there was a strong linear positive correlation between the recovery efficiency and the MgO dosage(R~2= 0.935), applied voltage(R~2= 0.969) and N/P ratio(R~2= 0.905). Increasing the applied voltage was found to enhance the P recovery via promoting the MgO acidolysis and the released Mg~(2+)migration, while increasing the N/P ratio in the catholyte enhanced the P recovery via promoting the struvite crystallization. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of the system was promoted due to more stable anolyte pH and lower pH gradient between the two chambers. Current density was promoted by 10%, while the COD removal efficiency was improved from 78.2% to 91.8% in the anode chamber.     

煤矿安全监察行政执法现存问题与原因探析

近年来,煤矿安全监察行政执法日益受到人们重视,但执法状况仍不容乐观.煤矿安全监察行政执法在执法管理体制、执法思路、执法方法、执法手段、执法监察事后处理、监察人员素质等方面存在诸多问题,原因是煤矿安全监察法制体系不健全,安全监察运行机制的不完善,安全行政执法机制不科学.     

两室堆肥生物反应装置研究

以堆肥过程中物料平衡、热量平衡以及垃圾生物发酵特性为依据,设计了二室堆肥生物反应装置,并通过堆肥试验实际检验反应装置设计的合理性.装置主要结构包括:二室堆肥发酵仓、保温层、通风供氧系统、空气加热系统以及二次污染控制系统.装置的主要特点为:两发酵仓能够独立完成堆肥发酵,也可以实现堆肥一次、二次发酵串联工艺组合;通过二次污染控制系统,可以很好地减少堆肥过程中产生的废水臭气排放;采用空气加热系统,可以快速均匀地加热堆体,以满足不同堆肥工艺的需要.装置在试验研究以及小规模垃圾堆肥处理领域有一定的应用价值.     

中国二噁英排放清单的国际比较研究

采用年总排放量、向大气年排放量、人均年排放量、人均向大气年排放量、本地污染指数、人均本地污染指数和地均本地污染指数作比较指标,对中国二噁英排放清单(以2004年为基准年)和基准年相近的27个国家的二噁英排放清单进行了比较研究.结果表明,中国二噁英的年总排放量、向大气年排放量和本地污染指数较大,表明开展二噁英减排工作势在必行;同时,人均年排放量、人均向大气年排放量、人均本地污染指数和地均本地污染指数较小,表明中国的二噁英人均产污水平远低于其他国家,开展二噁英减排有利于实现对二噁英污染的及早控制.     

气相色谱法同时测定制药企业废气中多种挥发性有机物

针对典型制药产品青霉素、阿莫西林、维生素C、对乙酰氨基酚生产过程的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特点,建立了吸附-解吸-气相色谱法同时检测制药企业废气中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、异丙醇、苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯和正丁醇等7种特征VOCs的分析方法。采用活性炭采样管采样-二硫化碳解吸-毛细管色谱柱分离,在解吸时间30 min、柱温35℃保持6 min、30℃/min速率升温到200℃保持2 min的色谱分析条件下,各挥发性有机物可以实现良好的分离;7种物质标准曲线相关系数为0.999 8~0.999 9,相对标准偏差为1.1%~3.2%,检出限为0.004 mg/m3~0.014 mg/m3,7种物质的解吸效率为83.1%~105.1%。结果表明,该方法适用于典型制药企业固定污染源排放废气中特征VOCs的测定。     

Water quality of a tributary of the Pearl River, the Beijiang, Southern China: implications from multivariate statistical analyses

Water quality information of Beijiang River, a tributary of Pearl River in Guangdong, China, was analyzed to provide an overview of the hydrochemical functioning of a major agricultural/rural area and an industrial/urban area. Eighteen water quality parameters were surveyed at 13 sites from 2005 to 2006 on a monthly basis. A bivariate correlation analysis was carried out to evaluate the regional correlations of the water quality parameters, while the principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to extract the most influential variables for regional variations of river water quality. Six principal components were extracted in PCA which explained more than 78% and 84% of the total variance for agricultural/rural and industrial/urban areas, respectively. Physicochemical factor, organic pollution, sewage pollution, geogenic factor, agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and accumulated pesticide usage were identified as potential pollution sources for agricultural/rural area, whereas industrial wastewaters pollution, mineral pollution, geogenic factor, urban sewage pollution, chemical industrial pollution, and water traffic pollution were the latent pollution sources for industrial/urban area. A multivariate linear regression of absolute principal component scores (MLR-APCS) technique was used to estimate contributions of all identified pollution sources to each water quality parameter. High coefficients of determination of the regression equations suggested that the MLR-APCS model was applicable for estimation of sources of most water quality parameters in the Beijiang River Basin.     

基于CFSv2的延伸期空气质量数值预报技术及效果评估

介绍了基于CFSv2产品开展空气质量数值模拟的技术方法以及基于该技术的成都市延伸期空气质量预报系统,评价了2019年9月25日至12月25日的预报结果,以2019年12月为例分析了系统对具体污染过程的预报能力。结果表明,系统AQI预报准确率为36.67%,等级预报准确率为68.93%,"时段1"的预报效果优于其余时段,但"时段2"和"时段3"在污染物浓度水平上仍然具有较高的参考价值。系统在PM2.5浓度、气温和气压的变化趋势上提供21 d左右的参考。后续工作中,将针对CFSv2产品开展气象模型参数方案优选,并尝试结合基于GFS产品驱动的常规业务数值预报产品为延伸期空气质量预报提供污染物浓度初始场,减少误差传递,从而提高延伸期空气质量预报产品的准确性和可用性。     

厌氧-缺氧-好氧处理工艺的污水处理厂进出水的毒性评价

为了准确评估厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A²/O）处理工艺对废水毒性的削减效率，采用斑马鱼胚胎急性毒性实验、发光细菌急性毒性实验和小鼠L929细胞毒性实验进行测试，结合理化指标，通过毒性当量（TU）法、平均毒性（AvTx）法、毒性指数（TxPr）法、最敏感测试（MST）法和潜在生态毒性效应（PEEP）法对常州市6家污水处理厂（生活污水、综合废水、化工废水、制药废水）进水和出水的生物毒性进行了评价。结果表明，斑马鱼胚胎的毒性敏感程度最高，3种受试生物的毒性评价结果具有较好的一致性。理化达标的污水处理厂出水仍存在一定的生物毒性效应，出水毒性较大的是综合污水处理厂，排入受纳水体后可能会对周围的生态环境产生潜在的生态风险。A²/O处理工艺对各污水处理厂进水的毒性削减较好，其中对制药废水的毒性削减最高，AvTx、TxPr、MST和PEEP的毒性削减率分别为99.45%、99.64%、99.48%和69.66%。与AvTx、TxPr、MST法相比，PEEP法能够更综合地评价废水毒性。     

美国水质交易政策及其在上海的应用分析

水质交易政策被认为是美国在改善水质方面既经济又可靠的方法。介绍了美国水质交易政策的概念和实施。分析了水质交易所必备的环境，经济和技术要素，及其可获得的经济，环境和社会效益。对排污交易政策在上海市的应用进行了分析。指出上海在排污交易方面具有多年的积累，可以借鉴美国在水质交易方面的实践经验，全面实施点源和非点源交易，采用以市场为基础的经济刺激政策来解决由城市和农田径流产生的水污染问题。     

1996~2016年湖北省氨排放时空差异及影响因素

搜集10类氨（NH₃）的人为源活动水平数据,采用排放因子法,计算了1996~2016年湖北省NH₃排放量,利用GIS进行1km×1km的空间分配.分析了不同地理单元（西部山区城市、中部平原城市、东部特大城市和东部中小城市）的NH₃排放源结构和单位排放量的差异.结果表明,湖北省NH₃排放量由1996年的375.0kt增长至2016年的475.4kt,年均增长率为1.2%.西部山区城市NH₃排放增加最快,年均增长率为3.5%,高于全省平均水平.农业源是最主要贡献源,畜禽养殖和氮肥施用排放的NH₃分别占总排放量的71.6%和15.8%.除畜禽养殖和氮肥施用外,废弃物处理和生物质燃烧分别是东部特大城市和中部平原城市NH₃的重要排放源,分别占全省该类源NH₃排放总量的76.1%和41.5%.值得注意的是,东部特大城市的工业生产、人体排泄、机动车尾气排放和化石燃料燃烧等排放的NH₃占比均高于其它3种地理单元,需引起关注.