两种生物除磷系统活性污泥中除磷菌的甄别——淀粉-缺氧/好氧交替与乙酸盐-厌氧/好氧交替系统

为了直接识别出污泥中的聚磷细菌和其种属,本研究采用4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色和流式细胞荧光分选技术(FACS)对以淀粉为唯一碳源的缺氧/好氧序批式活性污泥(SBR)系统(R1)的缺氧末期和好氧末期以及以乙酸盐为唯一碳源的厌氧/好氧SBR系统(R2)的好氧末期污泥的聚磷细菌进行了原位分选,并通过16S rRNA高通量测序技术鉴定了分选后细菌的种属.结果表明,在R1中,缺氧期和好氧期均进行生物除磷,且缺氧期吸磷量大于好氧期. R2中发生着厌氧期释磷、好氧期大量吸磷的传统生物除磷.利用FACS在R1和R2污泥中均分选得到10⁶个相对纯度为85%的具有聚磷颗粒的细菌.测序结果表明,在R1系统中,缺氧段优势的聚磷菌属为Halomonas(37.75%)、unclassified Brucellaceae(14.15%)、Pseudomonas(6.49%)、unclassified Chlamydiales(0.027%)和Sphingopyxis(0.007%);好氧段优势聚磷菌属为Halomonas(19.72%)、unclassified Brucellaceae(14.62%)、Pseudomonas(14.28%)、unclassified Comamonadaceae(0.046%)、unclassified Acidobacteria Gp3(0.036%)和Ferruginibacter(0.026%).R1系统中unclassified Chlamydiales和Sphingopyxis仅仅在缺氧条件下具有聚磷功能,而unclassified Comamonadaceae、unclassified Acidobacteria Gp3和Ferruginibacter仅在好氧条件下才具有聚磷功能.在R2系统中,优势聚磷菌群为Dechloromonas(11.06%)、unclassified Anaerolineaceae(9.29%)、unclassified Bacteroidetes(7.44%)、unclassified Gammaproteobacteria(7.34%)以及Acinetobacter(0.31%).这意味着在新型的除磷系统(R1)中,参与除磷过程的细菌包括好氧,缺氧和兼性缺氧聚磷细菌,而在传统的除磷系统(R2)中,参与除磷过程的细菌仅为好氧聚磷细菌.     

Cross-boundary transport and source apportionment for PM2.5 in a typical industrial city in the Hebei Province, China: A modeling study

Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain. In this study, an industrial district (Shahe City) with a large glass manufacturing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) to the city's high levels of pollution. The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), paired with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km. During the study period, the mean mass concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ were observed to be 132.0, 76.1, and 55.5 μg/m³, respectively. The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level. The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4% of the city's total PM_2.5 concentration. This contribution increased to 73.9±21.2% when unfavorable meteorological conditions (high relative humidity, weak wind, and low planetary boundary layer height) were present; such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution (PM_2.5 ≥ 250 μg/m³). The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%. The source apportionment results showed that industry (47%), transportation (10%), power (17%), and residential (26%) sectors were the most important sources of PM_2.5 in Shahe. The glass factories (where chimney stack heights were normally < 70 m) in Shahe contributed 32.1% of the total PM_2.5 concentration in Shahe. With an increase in PM_2.5 concentration, the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally. At times when pollution levels were severe, the horizontally influenced area mainly covered Shahe. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%, 40%, and 60% could lead to a decrease in the mass concentration of PM_2.5 of of 12.0%, 23.8%, and 35.5%, respectively.     

洪湖沉积物内源污染及其氮磷释放特征

为研究洪湖沉积物污染特征及内源营养盐释放规律,在不同季节对洪湖13个沉积物采样点进行调查,并利用柱状沉积物采样器原位采集沉积物开展静态模拟释放试验. 结果表明:①洪湖沉积物有机质、总氮和总磷含量的平均值分别为19%、4 407.4 mg/kg和1421.0 mg/kg,内源污染严重;②洪湖沉积物污染可能是水体中氮磷营养盐的重要来源之一,在5 d的静态释放模拟试验中,夏季上覆水中总氮和总磷平均浓度分别升高1.467和0.042 mg/L,冬季分别升高0.224和0.036 mg/L;③洪湖沉积物中氮磷的释放表现出显著的时空差异,夏季洪湖沉积物总氮、总磷的平均释放速率分别为133.9和4.0 mg/(m2·d),冬季分别为32.1和3.4 mg/(m2·d);④根据试验结果估算,洪湖沉积物氮的释放潜力为3 500~14 000 t/a,磷的释放潜力为350~400 t/a. 研究显示,在控制流域外源污染输入和减少湖区面源污染的同时,应从根本上改善洪湖水质并重塑洪湖湿地生态系统结构与功能,在科学指导下采取远近结合的方式分区域在洪湖开展受污染沉积物的修复工作.      

某有色金属企业污水处理厂污水处理工艺

对有色金属冶炼过程中产生的废水按特征因子的不同进行分质处理。其中,高浓度氨氮废水采用三级氨氮吹脱、吸收工艺进行脱氨预处理;含砷酸性废水采用三段中和-铁盐混凝法预处理;经预处理废水混合后,采用石灰法分级沉淀处理废水中重金属离子;然后根据各单位对回用水水质的不同要求,对废水进行深度处理,实现了污水处理后全部回用,污水零排放的目的。并且对污水中的氨、石膏、镍等资源进行回收利用,为企业降低了运行成本,并且防止了二次污染。     

Effect of ultraviolet irradiation and chlorination on ampicillin-resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> and its ampicillin resistance gene

Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health risk that may spread via potable and reclaimed water. Effective disinfection is important for inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and disruption of antibiotic resistance genes. Ampicillin is a widely prescribed antibiotic but its effectiveness is increasingly undermined by resistance. In this study, changes in ampicillin resistance for Escherichia coli (E. coli) CGMCC 1.1595 were analyzed after exposure to different doses of ultraviolet (UV) or chlorine, and damage incurred by the plasmid encoding ampicillin resistance gene bla _TEM-1 was assessed. We reported a greater stability in ampicillinresistant E. coli CGMCC 1.1595 after UV irradiation or chlorination when compared with previously published data for other E. coli strains. UV irradiation and chlorination led to a shift in the mortality frequency distributions of ampicillin-resistant E. coli when subsequently exposed to ampicillin. The ampicillin hemiinhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) without disinfection was 3800 mg·L^–1, and an increment was observed after UV irradiation or chlorination. The IC₅₀ of ampicillin-resistant E. coli was 1.5-fold higher at a UV dose of 40 mJ·cm^–2, and was 1.4-fold higher when exposed to 2.0 mg·L^–1 chlorine. These results indicate that UV irradiation and chlorination can potentially increase the risk of selection for E. coli strains with high ampicillin resistance. There was no evident damage to bla _TEM-1 after 1–10 mg Cl₂·L^–1 chlorination, while a UV dose of 80 mJ·cm^–2 yielded a damage ratio for bla _TEM-1 of approximately 1.2-log. Therefore, high UV doses are required for effective disruption of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria.     

磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯阻燃剂对稀有鮈鲫的毒性效应

为研究新型阻燃剂磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(TDCPP)的毒性效应,以稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)为实验生物,采用半静态实验方法,分别进行96 h和28 d的染毒,研究TDCPP对稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性和慢性毒性效应,并通过对稀有鮈鲫脑组织中与神经纤维的生长、发育、轴突再生等相关基因mRNA表达量的检测,初步探讨了TDCPP的神经毒性作用。结果表明：TDCPP对稀有鮈鲫的96 h-LC₅₀为2.99(2.20～3.38) mg·L^-1,根据化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准TDCPP属于剧毒性。经0.9、1.5、2.1和2.7 mg·L^-1 TDCPP染毒28 d,与对照组相比,暴露组稀有鮈鲫肝脏及脑组织中SOD和GSH-Px的活性均受到抑制,且随着TDCPP的暴露浓度增加,其抑制作用显著增强;暴露组稀有鮈鲫脑组织中与神经纤维的生长、发育相关的微管蛋白α/β、神经丝NF-M以及关键蛋白GAP-43等基因的mRNA表达量,与对照相比均发生显著下调。可知,TDCPP暴露可以诱发稀有鮈鲫神经毒性作用。     

Effects of design parameters on performance and cost analysis of combined ultraviolet-biofilter systems treating gaseous chlorobenzene based on mathematical modeling

A conceptual mathematical model was used to evaluate the design parameters of a combined ultraviolet (UV)-biofilter system, and perform a cost analysis. Results showed that the UV light source strength and the gas residence times in the UV system (UVRT) and biofilter (EBRT) had positive effects on the overall chlorobenzene removal efficiency of the system. High ratio of UVRT to EBRT improved the removal efficiency, suggesting that the UV system has a greater effect on the overall performance of the system compared with the biofilter. Analysis of the capital and operating costs showed that the capital costs of the standalone biofilter system were much higher than those of the standalone UV system. However, the biofilter operating costs were lower than those of the UV system. The operating costs of the combined UV-biofilter system increased with increasing UVRT/EBRT ratio, whereas its capital costs decreased.     

人工湿地植物根系分泌物与根际微环境相关性的研究进展

人工湿地中植物发挥着至关重要的作用.植物根系能向基质中释放糖类、酸类等分泌物,从而影响根际微生物种类及分布等微环境特征,因此植物根系分泌物与根际微环境的关系逐渐受到关注.综述了近10年来植物根系分泌物组成与分泌机理等方面的研究进展,分析了温度、pH值、光照等环境因子及养分含量、微生物等对根系分泌物的影响,探讨了根系分泌物在养分胁迫的改善、金属毒性的改善、对根际微生物的影响及化感作用等方面对微环境的影响.在此基础上提出明确植物根系分泌内在机制及其与植物抗逆性的关系等研究方向.     

雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强（0~100mm/h）和坡度（0°~10°）条件下,北方砂壤土裸地降雨径流中颗粒物（SS）、总磷（TP）、颗粒态磷（PP）的流失量及径流污染物之间的相关关系,并分析了雨强和坡度对污染物流失量的影响.研究结果表明,雨强和坡度越大,SS和TP流失量越大;径流中SS与TP、TP与PP的单位面积流失量呈显著线性相关关系（R²>0.946）;在实验条件范围内,雨强对颗粒物及磷素流失量的影响比坡度更显著;径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系,相关系数大于0.911,由于0°裸地和有坡度裸地的下渗及产流情况差异较大,在模拟雨强和坡度对颗粒物及磷素流失量影响时需分别考虑.结果可为我国北方砂壤土裸地径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量的估算提供计算方法和科学依据.