石墨炉AAS法分析冬青科苦丁茶树系统中镉及其分布

采集海南大学苦丁茶种质资源库中6种冬青科(Ilex)苦丁茶树的根、茎、叶及对应土壤样品,通过试验研究,建立了高压密封消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中镉的方法。对植物样和土壤样分别采用硝酸-双氧水和硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸混酸体系进行消解。以磷酸二氢铵作为基体改进剂,并开启氘灯校正背景,在优化的工作条件下测定样品中镉。该方法的检出限为0.300ng/mL,用于实验样品中镉的测定,其相对标准偏差RSD5%,加标回收率介于94%～108%之间。用该方法对茶叶(GBW10016)和土壤(GBW-07407)标准参考物中镉进行了测定,测定结果与标准值相符合,相对误差小于7%。冬青科苦丁茶树及其土壤中镉的分布具有特征性,主要表现为:土壤茶树,根际土壤非根际土壤,吸收根主根或茎,嫩叶老叶枯叶。     

二氧化氯催化氧化法处理PTA废水的研究

叙述了PTA废水国内外处理技术状况,实验中系统地考察了pH、反应时间和氧化剂投加量对COD值、色度去除率的影响,优化了废水处理的操作条件,最终以较低的成本和方便的操作将PTA混合污水的COD值降至420mg/L左右,该废水可进入生物降解系统进行处理使其COD值降至150mg/L以下。方法操作简单,工艺流程合理,处理效果好,可操作性强,环境友好。     

实时荧光定量PCR技术对氨氧化细菌的研究

传统的PCR技术只能实现对核酸的定性检测而无法对其进行定量研究。随着分子生物学技术的发展,在传统PCR技术的基础上发展起来的实时荧光定量PCR技术实现了对核酸的定量研究。该技术是向常规PCR反应体系中加入荧光染料或荧光探针,通过监测PCR反应过程中荧光信号的变化来实现对核酸的定量。实时荧光定量PCR技术具有应用范围广、灵敏度高、操作简单、工作量低等特点,在医学和微生物学领域已广泛地应用于疾病诊断、病毒定量检测、微生物群落结构分析及演替规律的研究。文章综述了该项技术的原理、特点及其在环境氨氧化细菌研究中的应用,同时也指出了该技术存在的问题及其发展应用前景。     

Fluxes of CH4 and N2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free,(B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0±4.0, -35.9±2.8,-31.6±2.8 μgC/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in2003 were -4.1,-3.1,and -2.9kgC/hm2,respectively.The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A,B,and C were 30.9±3.1,28.2±3.5,50.2±3.7μgN/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P ＜ 0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.     

Cd^2＋对长江华溪蟹谷胱甘肽系统的影响

采用急性毒性方法,研究了Cd2 对长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense)肝胰腺和鳃谷胱甘肽系统的影响.Cd2 浓度设置为7.25、14.5、29、58和116 ms/L,同时设对照组.分别在24、48、72和96 h用分光光度法测定了还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力以及GSH/GSSG比值.结果显示,随着Cd2 浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,肝胰腺中GSH含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,在96 h、Cd2 浓度116 mg/L时GSH含量降至最低值(28.805±2.239)mg/g;GPx活力先升后降;GSSG含量和GST与GR活力均无显著变化.鳃中GSH、GSSG含量和GPx活力的变化趋势与肝胰腺基本一致.GST和GR活力则随着Cd2 浓度的增大和处理时间的延长逐渐降低,在96 h、Cd2 浓度116 mg/L时GST和GR活力较对照组分别下降了44%和79%.肝胰腺和鳃中GSH/GSSG比值随着Cd2 浓度的增大和处理时间的延长逐渐降低.结果表明Cd2 对GSH和GSSG含量.GPx、GST、GR活力均产生了不同程度的影响;GSH/GSSG比值的变化能灵敏反映Cd2 对水生动物的胁迫程度及毒性大小,可作为一种准确敏感的生物学指标用以指示Cd2 污染.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill e uent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product–palm oil mill e uent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction e ciency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively.With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality e uent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

污泥压滤脱水条件的优化研究

采用压滤试验,研究了强压条件下剩余污泥的脱水性能及影响因素,确定了污泥压滤脱水的最佳操作条件。结果表明,随着压力的增加、压滤时间的延长和絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量的增加,所得净滤液量均明显增大。综合考虑脱水效果和经济因素,最佳压滤脱水的条件为:压力0.6MPa,压滤时间30min,聚丙烯酰胺的投加量2.5kg/t干泥。     

城市污水处理厂污泥脱水性能研究

分别对城市污水处理厂产生的浓缩污泥、初沉池污泥和浓缩污泥的混合污泥以及消化污泥进行了絮凝脱水试验,同时对聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、丙烯酸钠-丙烯酸酰胺共聚物、异丁烯酸-甲基丙烯酸共聚物和阳离子聚丙烯酸胺(PAM)的絮凝效果进行比较。结果表明,浓缩污泥所需要的絮凝剂最少,消化污泥所需要的絮凝剂最多,并且各种絮凝剂都存在着最佳投加量。以浓缩污泥为例进行经济分析结果表明,最佳絮凝剂为PAM,最佳投加量为2.45kg/t干泥。另外,对絮凝脱水的影响因素分析后发现,过滤压力、pH以及搅拌速度都对污泥脱水性能有很大影响,在实际应用中应通过实验进行优化选择。     

偶氮染料生物降解机理的研究

运用紫外光谱、液相色谱与质谱研究了偶氮染料的降解过程.通过紫外光谱分析,以酸性红B为底物测定了偶氮还原酶的酶活.以甲基红为底物,分析了偶氮染料的降解机理.提出并验证了在偶氮染料还原过程中,存在一个加氢的中间体.     

火电机组湿法石灰石-石膏烟气脱硫成本与综合效益分析

选择单机为300、600、1000MW的火电机组,分别分析了含硫量在0．5％～3．00％范围内,火电机组脱硫成本的变化情况;并以单机300MW火电机组为例分析了给火电机组脱硫后产生的经济效益,最后简单探讨了电力行业烟气脱硫带来的环境效益。结果表明：对于同一火电机组,随着煤炭含硫量的增加,其脱硫成本呈下降趋势;当煤炭合硫量相同时,火电装机容量越大,其脱硫成本越小;而且火电机组脱硫后每年获得净利润远大于其脱硫成本,同时能够产生较大的环境效益。