四川妇女血清中多溴联苯醚的浓度水平与组成特征

用气相色谱-质谱的选择离子法测定四川省妇女血清中多溴联苯醚的质量浓度,并对其组成特征及主要来源进行了研究.在被测的11种多溴联苯醚当中,BDE-209是主要成分,质量浓度从0.12～2.38μg.L-1,中值为0.63μg.L-1,占多溴联苯醚总量的质量分数为63.57%～90.34%,其次是BDE-66、-99和-100,其它多溴联苯醚几乎没有检出,表明污染主要来自十溴联苯醚,其次是四溴和五溴联苯醚.实验结果与其它国家的数据相比,表明多溴联苯醚对普通妇女的污染在四川还处于一个较低的水平.     

2,4-二氯苯酚诱导鲫鱼活性氧(ROS)的产生及其分子致毒机制

以α-苯基-N-叔丁基甲亚胺-N-氧化物(PBN)为自旋捕获剂,利用电子顺磁共振(electron paramagnetic resonance,EPR)自旋捕集技术研究了在2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)胁迫下,2、4、8、24、72h后鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼体肝脏活性氧的产生及其动力学.结果表明,2,4-DCP能引起鲫鱼肝脏中·OH的产生(与对照组相比具有显著性差异,p＜0.01),且其强度随时间的增加而增强,8h时达到最大,随后开始降低,直至72h降至对照组水平.超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性随时间变化的动力学与·OH产生动力学趋势一致,暗示·OH可能由O2·-生成.GSH/GSSG比值随时间的变化趋势表明,机体处于氧化应激态.鲫鱼肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加,且与自由基产生的动力学相比滞后16h,表明脂质过氧化可能由·OH诱导产生.本研究表明,·OH对2,4-DCP的响应比抗氧化防御系统和脂质过氧化更直接、更快速,有可能成为指示水生生态系统中2,4-DCP污染的早期预警指标.     

木质生物燃料与其半焦的混燃实验研究

生物质半焦作为生物质气化的副产物,其固定碳含量和热值均高于原生物质.若将生物质半焦充分利用将大幅提高生物质利用的能量效率,具有很大的经济和环境效益.在综合热分析基础上,考察了生物质半焦添加比例(掺烧比)对生物质微米燃料旋风炉燃烧炉膛温度、烟气及灰分的影响.试验研究发现掺烧比为20%(空气当量比为1.2,粉体粒径在0.177 mm以下,生物质含水率控制在8.1%以下),燃烧效果最好,燃烧效率高达98%,燃烧烟气中有害气体NOx和SO2的含量较少.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的土壤环境健康风险评价:以PAHs为例

为获得更为合理的健康风险评价结果,并辨识对健康风险影响最大的因素,基于蒙特卡罗随机模拟,运用概率风险评价模型,定量评估了中国上海某居民区土壤中16种PAHs对居民的健康风险水平,并对各参数进行敏感性分析.结果表明,土壤中PAHs造成的健康风险服从对数正态分布,总的致癌风险为3.43×10~(-5)±2.63×10~(-5),最小值为8.10×10~(-7),最大值为2.39×10~(-4),超过10-6的概率为95%,超过10~(-5)的概率为75%,超过10~(-4)的概率小于5%;总的危害商为4.74×10~(-2)±3.42×10~(-2),不超过1,风险较小;在7种具有致癌效应的PAHs中,苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽和苯并(a)蒽是总致癌风险的主要贡献物质,贡献率分别占60.41%、26.84%和6.56%;3种暴露途径中,经口途径是造成致癌风险的主要途径,贡献率为73.22%;对于总致癌风险,人体暴露参数中每日土壤摄入量、暴露周期、暴露皮肤面积敏感度较大,分别为58.35%、50.21%和20.51%;体重具有负敏感性,敏感度为-11.66%.     

相对速率法测氯原子与一系列低碳醇的反应速率常数

在 2 92± 1K温度和 1 0 1× 10 5Pa压力下 ,以丙烷为参照物 ,采用相对速率方法测定了一系列醇与氯原子在气相中的反应速率常数 ,这些醇与氯的反应速率常数分别为 (单位 :10 7m3·mol-1·s-1) :甲醇k1=3 2 9,乙醇k2 =6 14,正丙醇k3=8 97,异丙醇k4 =4 0 0 ,正丁醇k5=11 7,异丁醇k6=12 5 ,叔丁醇k7=2 0 5 ,正戊醇k8=15 8,异戊醇k9=12 3     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

光化学烟雾模拟实验系统

为开展光化学污染成因的敏感性分析,设计和建立了目前国内唯一的大型光化学烟雾模拟实验系统．该系统主要包括烟雾箱系统、空气充填置换系统、采样测试系统和记录显示控制系统等4个分系统．与国内外同类型实验系统相比,该系统具有烟雾箱在实验过程中受光均匀、换气系统快捷、效率高以及可实现两箱对比实验等特色．利用实验系统开展了光化学污染过程的模拟实验,得到了典型的污染特征．进行了同等条件的两箱对比实验,实验结果完全一致,表明该实验系统能够开展基于对比实验的敏感性分析研究,从而为进一步针对北京实际开展光化学污染的模拟研究奠定了良好的基础．     

Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure

The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated. The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds. The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB), and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100 (TX100). Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB, but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant. Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB. However, the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially, indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area, pore volume, and surface roughness and irregularities, as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite, but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system.     

光解法处理有机汞污水的探索

本文用自由基捕捉剂亚硝基叔丁烷(MNP),2,3,5,6-四甲基亚硝基苯(ND)及苯亚甲基叔丁基氮氧化物(PBN)与ESR相结合的方法研究了二苯基汞(DPM)在胶束中光解产生的活泼自由基。结果表明:(1)在含有表面活性剂的水体系中,DPM光解产生苯基自由、基并可被MNP捕获;(2)在含有表面活性剂的某些有机溶剂RH中,DPM光解不仅产生自由基C_6H_5,并且随溶剂不同,C_6H_5可夺取溶剂RH上的活泼氢而产生次级自由基R,它们均能被ND或PBN捕获。     

珠江口无机氮湿沉降规律及大气输送的研究

针对2007年3～11月广东中山市横门站的降水资料,分析了珠江口氮湿沉降特征及其来源.结果显示:研究期间横门降水中NH+4-N和NO-3-N的降雨量加权平均浓度分别为0.62和0.41mg·L-1;其季节变化规律表现为秋季最高,其次是春季,夏季最低.降水NH+4-N和NO-3-N的浓度呈显著正相关,与降水pH值呈负相关.利用气团轨迹后推以及天气形势得出,横门陆地性降水氮浓度最高,海洋性降水氮沉降通量最高.云下气团分类结果表明,海洋性NE类气团对横门无机氮湿沉降的输送负荷最大.