北京市不同季节室外细菌气溶胶分布特征及其环境影响因素分析

为了解北京市室外细菌气溶胶的分布特征,基于培养法分析了2020年9月—2021年5月不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度及粒径的分布特征,探讨气象因素(温度和相对湿度)和空气颗粒物(PM₁₀和PM_2.5)对细菌气溶胶分布特征的影响. 结果表明:①北京市室外细菌气溶胶平均浓度为447.10 CFU/m3 (每立方米空气中的菌落形成单位),呈春季〔(648.55±537.24)CFU/m3〕>冬季〔(324.50±181.99)CFU/m3〕>秋季〔(319.59±305.07)CFU/m3〕的特征,不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度差异不显著. ②北京市室外约80%的细菌气溶胶直径大于2.1 μm,细菌气溶胶浓度在第2级(粒径为4.7~7.0 μm)显著降低,峰值粒径出现在第1级(粒径>7.0 μm). 粒径大于7.0 μm的细菌气溶胶在春季与秋季以及春季与冬季之间均存在统计学差异 (p均小于0.05). 可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶(≤4.7 μm)比例近50%(冬季、秋季、春季占比分别为61.0%、58.9%、41.6%),冬季空气中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例最高. ③Spearman相关性分析表明,室外环境细菌气溶胶浓度与相对湿度呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与PM₁₀浓度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),表明细菌气溶胶浓度受气象因素和空气污染物的影响. 研究显示,北京市室外环境中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例近50%,冬季细菌气溶胶暴露风险最高.      

Highly efficient P uptake by Fe3O4 loaded amorphous Zr-La (carbonate) oxides: Electrostatic attraction, inner-sphere complexation and oxygen vacancies acceleration effect

Bimetallic oxides composites have received an increasing attention as promising adsorbents for aqueous phosphate (P) removal in recent years. In this study, a novel magnetic composite MZLCO was prepared by hybridizing amorphous Zr-La (carbonate) oxides (ZLCO) with nano-Fe₃O₄ through a one-pot solvothermal method for efficient phosphate adsorption. Our optimum sample of MZLCO-45 exhibited a high Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of 96.16 mg P/g and performed well even at low phosphate concentration. The phosphate adsorption kinetics by MZLCO-45 fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption capacity could reach 79% of the ultimate value within the first 60 min. The phosphate adsorption process was highly pH-dependent, and MZLCO-45 performed well over a wide pH range of 2.0-8.0. Moreover, MZLCO-45 showed a strong selectivity to phosphate in the presence of competing ions (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) and a good reusability using the eluent of NaOH/NaCl mixture, then 64% adsorption capacity remained after ten recycles. The initial 2.0 mg P/L in municipal wastewater and surface water could be efficiently reduced to below 0.1mg P/L by 0.07 g/L MZLCO-45, and the phosphate removal efficiencies were 95.7% and 96.21%, respectively. Phosphate adsorption mechanisms by MZLCO-45 could be attributed to electrostatic attraction and the inner-sphere complexation via ligand exchange forming Zr/La-O-P, -OH and CO₃²⁻ groups on MZLCO-45 surface played important roles in the ligand exchange process. The existence of oxygen vacancies could accelerate the phosphate absorption rate of the MZLCO-45 composites.     

SiO2气凝胶隔热性能的影响因素研究

目的 在不同热流条件下,通过调整SiO2气凝胶的孔隙率、涂层厚度等,以满足合适的隔热要求。方法 针对中短程飞行器飞行时外壁面承受短时高热流的特点,在分析孔隙率对SiO2气凝胶热导率影响规律的基础上,通过数值仿真研究不同气凝胶孔隙率、气凝胶厚度及热流作用下的温度响应。结果 得到了不同条件下满足隔热要求的气凝胶最小厚度,以及气凝胶表面的最高温度。高温情况下,气凝胶孔隙率为96%时,有效热导率最低,孔隙率超过96%时,隔热性能变差。结论 当飞行器内壁面温度满足要求时,增大气凝胶的孔隙率,则需要减小气凝胶的厚度,相应的气凝胶表面温度会升高,但升幅很小。当飞行器外壁面承受长时间大热流时,仅调整气凝胶的厚度和孔隙率不能达到结构的隔热要求。     

土壤环境汞污染现状及其影响因素研究进展

土壤重金属污染导致土壤环境质量显著降低,影响食品安全、水源水质和空气质量等,严重威胁人类的生存和发展。汞（Hg）作为一种全球性的重金属污染物,广泛分布于多种环境介质中,其中土壤是全球汞最大的储存库。土壤中的汞可通过多种暴露途径进入人体,危害人类健康。伴随着全球气候变暖和人为活动加剧,全球土壤汞污染问题日益严重。然而,目前有关土壤汞污染的基础数据较为缺乏,大范围的土壤汞污染空间分布特征分析相对较少,对于土壤汞污染主控因子的分析方法缺乏系统的阐述。因此,本文基于文献调研的方法,分析了全球的土壤汞污染分布特征,发现全球土壤汞污染主要集中在矿区及工业聚集区,阐述了人为因素、气候条件和土壤环境因素等对土壤汞含量变化的影响,并总结了可应用于土壤汞污染主控因子分析的常用方法及其优缺点。同时,本文对未来土壤汞污染调查和研究进行了3方面的展望,以期为更加科学合理的解决土壤汞污染问题做出贡献。     

高效石油降解菌修复石油污染土壤与强化机制分析

利用定向驯化高效石油降解菌系对石油污染土壤进行为期120 d原位修复,考察生物强化修复效果、土壤理化性质和酶活性的变化,结合宏基因组测序及生物信息学分析揭示其强化机制.结果表明,与空白对照组(Ctrl)相比,生物修复组(Exp-BT)总石油烃降解率显著提升,增幅达81.23%; 高效石油降解菌生物强化修复期间土壤pH变化稳定,体系氧化能力提高,电导率处于适宜农业活动范围内; 脂肪酶和脱氢酶在修复期间保持较高活性; 另对初始污染土壤样本(B0)、驯化所得高效石油降解菌系样本(GZ)和生物修复后土壤样本(BT)的分析显示,门水平上变形菌门与放线菌门相对丰度增加17.1%,属水平上Nocardioides、Achromobacter、Gordonia和Rhodococcus等丰度明显上升,COG和KEGG物种与功能贡献度分析证明以上菌属对石油烃降解有重要贡献; 修复后土壤中发现高丰度的石油烃相关代谢酶及5个降解基因:alkM、tamA、rubB、ladA 和alkB,分析表明外源石油烃降解菌群的引入增强了微生物相关酶的代谢活性与相应功能基因的表达.     

西部地区SO_2总量控制方案合理性评估

通过新增工业产值、农用地面积、降雨强度和环保投资4个指标,引入信息熵对各指标进行权重分配,科学界定基尼系数合理性范围,构建了以改良基尼系数为度量标准的二氧化硫总量控制方案分配合理性的评价体系,并将其应用于"十二五"西部地区二氧化硫排放总量控制规划方案合理性评价工作中。研究结果表明,西部地区"十二五"SO2总量控制方案存在不合理,可优先考虑针对环保投资进行调整。     

长江干支流输沙量减少趋势及其影响因素浅析

通过对长江干支流各主要水文控制站的多年径流量、输沙量、含沙量、中值粒径等水沙基本特征值的统计分析，表明在过去的近50年时间内，长江干支流的年径流量中心趋势不存在具有显著统计意义的变化，而输沙量、含沙量、中值粒径值均有明显的下降态势。以水库建设和水土保持为主的人类活动是长江干支流泥沙输移量减少趋势的重要影响因素，在20世纪90年代以前长江输沙量的减少主要是水库建设的影响，之后随着“长治”工程的展开则兼具了水库建设和水土保持的影响，未来水土保持工作对长江保水减沙的长期效益将更为显著。     

Separation of fine binary mixtures under vibration in a gas-solid fluidized bed with dense medium.

The coke-slag mixture discharged from water-air generators not only causes a serious environmental problem, but also is a potential resource. In order to obtain a high economic return, separation of fine binary mixtures in a vibrating fluidized bed with dense media was experimentally investigated. The effects of volume ratio (mono-component volume to dense medium volume or binary mixture volume to dense medium volume), the fluidization velocity and vibration parameters on separation efficiency are discussed. The experimental results show that vibration can prevent the coalescence and growth of bubbles and improve fluidization properties of particles and the stability of bed density. The major factors associated with separating efficiency are discussed. Based on the experiments, the ratio of the volume of particles to bed volume and the vibration conditions are also reported. It was found that the separation efficiency for a fine coke-slag mixture was greater than 70% and close to 80% under optimal conditions.     

Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide during the transition from winter carbon source to spring carbon sink in a temperate urban lawn

The significant warming in urban environment caused by the combined effects of global warming and heat island has stimulated widely development of urban vegetations. However, it is less known of the climate feedback of urban lawn in warmed environment. Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide during the transition period from winter to spring was investigated in a temperate urban lawn in Beijing, China. The NEE (negative for uptake) under soil warming treatment (temperature was about 5℃ higher than the ambient treatment as a control) was -0.71 μmol/(m².sec), the ecosytem was a CO₂ sink under soil warming treatment, the lawn ecosystem under the control was a CO₂ source (0.13 μmol/(m².sec)), indicating that the lawn ecosystem would provide a negative feedback to global warming. There was no significant effect of soil warming on nocturnal NEE (i.e., ecosystem respiration), although the soil temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of ecosystem respiration under soil warming treatment was 3.86, much lower than that in the control (7.03). The CO₂ uptake was significantly increased by soil warming treatment that was attributed to about 100% increase of α (apparent quantum yield) and A_max (maximum rate of photosynthesis). Our results indicated that the response of photosynthesis in urban lawn is much more sensitive to global warming than respiration in the transition period.