Modeling solute transport in one-dimensional homogeneous and heterogeneous soil columns with continuous time random walk

In this paper, we used the continuous time random walk (CTRW) framework to characterize the transport process in 1250-cm long one-dimensional homogenous and heterogeneous soil columns at the experiments conducted by Huang et al. [Huang, K., Toride, N., van Genuchten, M.Th., 1995. Experimental investigation of solute transport in large, homogeneous and heterogeneous, saturated soil columns. Trans. Porous Media. 18, 283-302]. The transport process was also simulated by using the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and the spatial fractional advection-dispersion equation (FADE) for comparison. In the homogeneous soil column, the non-Fickian behavior is found at the distances less than 1000cm with beta values larger than 1.60, but less than 2, and Fickian form transport is obtained at distances larger than 1000cm with beta values larger than 2. In the heterogeneous soil column, we found the most anomalous behavior at distances from 200cm to 700cm with beta values ranging from 0.894 to 0.958, and non-Fickian transport process is observed at distances larger than 800cm with beta values in the range between 1 and 1.3. More significant non-Fickian behavior is found for transport in the heterogeneous soil column than that in the homogeneous soil column. The CTRW fits to the breakthrough curves (BTCs) have lower values of root mean square error (RMSE) and higher values of determination coefficient (r(2)), with respect to the fits of ADE and FADE. The CTRW model also is better captures the full evolution of BTCs, and especially their tails.     

钛白副产硫酸亚铁的综合利用研究

以钛白副产硫酸亚铁、氯化钾和氨水为原料，采用硫酸钾铵法制取硫酸钾。实验结果表明，该工艺生产的产品，其质量达到ZBG-21006-89国家标准，且此工艺流程简单、操作方便、条件易控制，无二次污染。     

用大型底栖动物对武汉南湖水质的生物学评价

2003年6月至2004年5月季度性调查武汉南湖大型底栖动物的种类组成,并对水质理化指标进行测定.结果表明,大型底栖动物由寡毛类和水生昆虫组成,密度为4 437个/m2,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和刺铗长足摇蚊;大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margelef多样性指数表明南湖水质为中等污染状态;历年夏季水体中主要营养元素含量的变化,进一步描述了近年来南湖富营养化的加剧进程.     

生活垃圾填埋场封场后种植植物中重金属迁移研究

在上海老港生活垃圾填埋场填埋单元封场的覆盖土中掺混了矿化垃圾种植植物,分析Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 4种重金属在土壤和植物中的迁移变化,研究表明:(1)覆盖土土质从一般耕作土变成肥沃土壤;覆盖土和种植混合土重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn中Cd、Pb含量相近,但种植土的Cu含量略大于覆盖原土,Zn含量远大于覆盖原土;(2)植物能富集土壤和垃圾中的重金属,木本植物的根部富集重金属的能力强于草本植物,但重金属在草本植物根、茎、叶中的迁移速度大于木本植物;(3)植物根、茎、叶的Cu、Zn含量均远大于未受污染土壤种植植物相应部位的Cu、Zn含量,种植的植物不能供家养动物食用,以免通过食物链作用危及人体安全.     

印刷线路板废弃物的热解与动力学实验研究

分别应用管式炉反应器和热重分析手段对印刷线路板废弃物的热解行为和热解动力学进行了实验研究。在管式炉中，研究不同的热解温度：700～950℃，对产物分布和气体成分分布的影响。实验结果表明：PCB热解气体的主要成分是H2和CO2，气体的热值较低，仅为2．09～5．41MJ/m^3，PCB不适合以气体产物为目标的能源利用方式。应用Friedman方法对PCB的热解动力学进行了研究，求得PCB的热解动力学参数分别是：表观活化能190．92kJ/mol，反应级数5．97，指前因子lnA47．14min^-1。     

交流电场联合有机物料强化东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤

针对土壤重金属污染植物修复效率低的问题,采用盆栽实验,通过施加多种强度的交流电场(0、0.5、1.0 V·cm⁻¹)和不同种类的有机物料(黄腐酸钾、紫云英),研究了交流电场及其与有机物料联合对重金属超积累植物东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤效率的作用。结果表明,交流电场促进了东南景天的生长和对重金属的吸收,以0.5 V·cm⁻¹作用最佳,在电场处理组20 d后东南景天地上部Cd积累量比不施加电场的处理组提高了48.1%。交流电场和有机物料联用可以进一步提升东南景天对土壤镉的累积,施加黄腐酸钾处理组有利于土壤酸可提取态Cd的提高,比对照组提高了16.35%。在交流电场为0.5 V·cm⁻¹条件下,以0.3%施用效果最佳,施加黄腐酸钾和紫云英分别是对照组(施加交流电场,不施加有机物料)的3.65倍和1.73倍。有机物料和交流电场的共同作用极大地促进了东南景天镉的积累。     

Airborne foliar transfer of particular metals in Lactuca sativa L.: translocation,phytotoxicity, and bioaccessibility

The uptake, translocation, and human bioaccessibility of metals originating from atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM) after foliar exposure is not well understood. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants were exposed to micronic PbO, CuO, and CdO particulate matters (PMs) by the foliar pathway and mature plants (6 weeks old) were analyzed in terms of: (1) metal accumulation and localization on plant leaf surface, and metal translocation factor (TF) and global enrichment factor (GEF) in the plants; (2) shoot growth, plant dry weight (DW), net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and fatty acid ratio; (3) metal bioaccessibility in the plants and soil; and (4) the hazard quotient (HQ) associated with consumption of contaminated plants. Substantial levels of metals were observed in the directly exposed edible leaves and newly formed leaves of lettuce, highlighting both the possible metal transfers throughout the plant and the potential for human exposure after plant ingestion. No significant changes were observed in plant biomass after exposure to PbO, CuO, and CdO-PMs. The Gs and fatty acid ratio were increased in leaves after metal exposure. A dilution effect after foliar uptake was suggested which could alleviate metal phytotoxicity to some degree. However, plant shoot growth and Pn were inhibited when the plants are exposed to PbO, and necrosis enriched with Cd was observed on the leaf surface. Gastric bioaccessibility of plant leaves is ranked: Cd?>?Cu?>?Pb. Our results highlight a serious health risk of PbO, CuO, and CdO-PMs associated with consumption of vegetables exposed to these metals, even in newly formed leaves in the case of PbO and CdO exposure. Finally, the study highlights the fate and toxicity of metal rich-PMs, especially in the highly populated urban areas which are increasingly cultivated to promote local food.

     

焦磷酸钾对铜污染土壤的淋洗修复

焦磷酸钾是一种对农田土壤环境友好的物质。通过批处理振荡淋洗实验研究了所配制的焦磷酸钾淋洗液对模拟污染土壤中重金属铜的淋洗特性,探讨了淋洗时间、淋洗液pH和焦磷酸钾浓度对淋洗效果的影响,并讨论了土壤中铜在焦磷酸钾淋洗液作用下的解吸动力学和淋洗前后重金属形态变化特性。结果表明,淋洗时间越长、淋洗液浓度越大,淋洗效果越好。优化实验条件,淋洗浸提24 h、淋洗液pH为7.0、n（焦磷酸钾）：n（铜）为7：1,淋洗效果较好,铜淋洗率为40.51%。焦磷酸钾淋洗的铜主要以酸提取态和可还原态为主。焦磷酸钾淋洗液对土壤铜的浸提过程符合双常数方程,说明土壤中铜在焦磷酸钾淋洗液作用下的解吸是非均相扩散过程。     

非均相催化湿式氧化法活性炭再生

使用浸渍法制备的CuO Al2 O3催化剂对吸附苯酚饱和的活性炭进行非均相催化湿式氧化再生研究 ,考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂投加量、反应氧分压、投炭量、蒸馏水量对非均相催化湿式氧化再生活性炭的影响结果 ,同时在该实验中得到非均相CuO Al2 O3催化湿式氧化再生活性炭的最佳条件。对催化剂进行了X衍射分析 ,并通过对催化剂的稳定性进行实验 ,得出该催化剂在进行催化湿式氧化再生活性炭的过程中具有较好的稳定性     

六氯苯微生物降解研究进展

微生物降解已经成为当前六氯苯环境污染治理研究的重点和前沿。介绍了六氯苯的结构、物理化学性质、来源及其危害,分析了其微生物降解的可行性,从降解菌群的来源、降解途径及降解的影响因素等方面,对六氯苯的微生物好氧降解和厌氧降解进行了系统地归纳和总结,同时对今后六氯苯微生物降解的研究方向进行了展望。