水文因素影响稻田氮磷流失的研究进展

水文因素为农田氮磷元素的迁移提供了动力和载体,对稻田氮磷元素的流失具有重要影响。利用新型的稻田水分管理模式以代替传统的水分管理模式,对于有效控制面源污染具有重要意义。在综合调研国内外已有研究成果和最新进展的基础上,阐述了稻田氮磷流失特征、传统水分管理模式的弊端,并从新型稻田水分管理模式的种类、削减氮磷流失的效果与机理、与水平衡模型、营养负荷模型等结合应用等几个方面综述了国内外水文因素影响稻田氮磷流失的研究现状。进行稻田土壤吸附氮磷容量及人工调节机制的研究,在部分地区开展流域化水分管理系统研究,以及适用于我国稻田的水平衡模型和营养负荷模型的建立和深入研究应为今后我国关于水文因素影响稻田氮磷流失方面研究的一些方向。     

苦味酸测定中关键问题的研究

目前测定苦味酸的国标方法为《生活饮用水标准检验方法有机物指标》(GB/T 5750.8—2006)中的衍生物-液液萃取-气相色谱法,在实际测试过程中,发现水样pH值和基质效应会影响苦味酸测定。当pH值为8~12时,生成的氯化苦响应强度变化不大;在pH约为13时,响应强度最大。水质中除腐殖酸、硝基甲烷及2,4,6-三硝基甲苯会影响苦味酸测定外,硝基酚类和甲基酚类同样起到正干扰作用,因此,国标方法不能全面和准确地测定水中的苦味酸含量。     

北京水资源可持续发展与对策

水资源现状 北京天然河道自西向东有拒马河水系、永定河水系、北运河水系、潮白河水系、蓟运河水系等五大水系,没有天然湖泊、大江大河,没有足够的水资源可供丰枯调剂,基本靠天喝水。自上个世纪1999年以来北京连续干旱,五年平均降水仅400余毫米,是多年平均降水的七成。目前全市有水库85座,其中大型水库有密云水库、官厅水库、怀柔水库、海子水库。地表水供水主要依靠密云     

Chlorobenzenes removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by surfactant-assisted column flotation

The organic contaminants in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, including chlorinated aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have high toxicity and a potential negative impact on the environment. An effective and low energy consumption technique to remove the organic contaminants from MSWI fly ash is required urgently. Organic contaminants, such as chlorobenzenes (CBzs), in MSWI fly ash are known to become enriched in the unburnt carbon (UC) fraction. It is proposed that removal of UC from fly ash will result in the effective removal of most organic micropollutants. In this research, we use a technique of surfactant-assisted column flotation to decontaminate MSWI fly ash by removal of the CBzs-enriched UC from MSWI fly ash. We find that 39.8% of CBzs can be removed from fresh MSWI fly ash with 61.7% UC removal efficiency, whereas only 33.2% of CBzs can be removed from weathered MSWI fly ash with a low UC removal efficiency of 33.7%. By adding a mixture of two kinds of surfactants: sorbitan mono-oleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate to the weathered fly ash, 47.0% of CBzs were removed at the hydrophile lipophile balance value of 13.5, while the UC removal efficiency increased to 49.0%. The results show that surfactants can enhance CBzs and UC removal efficiencies during the column flotation process. Higher CBzs and UC removal efficiencies can be expected by further optimizing the conditions of surfactant-assisted column flotation.     

Interface-mediated synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles with sulfate-reducing bacterium culture

We have created a new method of ZnS nanospheres synthesis. By interface-mediated precipitation method (IMPM), monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was synthesized on the particle surface of sulfate-reducing bacterium nutritious agar culture. Sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) was used as a sulfide producer because of its dissimilatory sulfate reduction capability, meanwhile produced a variety of amino acids acting as templates for nanomaterials synthesis. Then zinc acetate was dispersed into nutritious agar plate. Subsequently agar plate was broken into particles bearing much external surface, which successfully mediated the synthesis of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles. The morphology of monodisperse ZnS nanospheres and SRB were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the microstructure was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermostability of ZnS nanoparticles was determined by thermo gravimetric-differential thermo gravimetric (TG-DTG). The maximum absorption wavelengh was analysed with an ultravioletvisible spectrophotometer within a range of 199-700 nm. As a result, monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, with an average diameter of 80 nm. Maximum absorption wavelengh was 228 nm, and heat decomposed temperature of monodisperse ZnS nanoparticles was 596℃.     

KOH活化小麦秸秆生物炭对废水中四环素的高效去除

活化是提高生物炭吸附性能的重要手段.以小麦秸秆为研究对象,KOH为活化剂,制备KOH活化生物炭（K-BC）,同时制备原状生物炭（BC）作为对照.对生物炭进行比表面积和孔径、元素分析、XPS、FTIR、Raman、XRD和pH_pzc等表征,考察KOH活化对生物炭理化性质的影响,并探究生物炭对水体中四环素的吸附性能和机制.结果表明,KOH活化之后生物炭的比表面积和孔体积可达996.4 m²·g^-1和0.45 cm³·g^-1.KOH活化会制造更多的碳结构缺陷,影响生物炭的官能团和表面电性.拟二级动力学和Langmuir模型可以较好地拟合生物炭吸附四环素的过程.环境温度升高能提高生物炭对四环素的吸附量.K-BC吸附四环素是自发、吸热和无序度增加的过程.K-BC对四环素的最大吸附量理论可达到491.19 mg·g^-1（实验温度为45℃）.结合吸附后生物炭的Raman、FTIR和XPS表征,发现孔隙填充和π-π作用是K-BC吸附四环素的主要机制,氢键和络合作用也发挥重要作用.此外,K-BC还具有良好的循环使用性能.综上所述,KOH活化小麦秸秆生物炭是有效和可行的,可用于废水中四环素的去除.     

满足国五排放标准的柴油甲醇双燃料发动机非常规排放研究

在一台装备有电控单体泵增压中冷系统柴油机的进气管上,加装甲醇喷射装置并向进气道喷入定量的纯甲醇,结合废气再循环(EGR)技术并使用氧化催化转化器(DOC)组合微粒氧化催化器(POC)后处理系统,使其常规排放能满足国五排放法规基础上,全面研究了柴油甲醇双燃料(Diesel Methanol Dual Fuel,DMDF)发动机的非常规排放特性.在采用国五排放法规标准规定的ESC(稳态13点工况)测试方法条件下,利用FTIR(傅里叶变换红外检测法)对DMDF发动机的检测结果表明:该机非常规排放物主要为甲醇、甲醛、1,3-丁二烯、苯、甲苯和SO2,非常规排放物的全工况加权比排放为19.532 g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),其中,甲醇的全工况加权比排放为11.395 g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),甲醛的全工况加权比排放为5.927g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),SO2的全工况加权比排放为0.053 g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),其余排放物为痕量水平.在催化氧化装置处理后非常规排放物全工况加权比排放为0.115 g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),降幅为99.41%.催化氧化装置对甲醇、1,3-丁二烯、苯和甲苯的消除率为100%,对甲醛的消除率为99.04%.     

Single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and cadmium on the polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube

Using the concentration gradient and combined pollutant exposure method, the single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons （PHCs） and cadmium （Cd） on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube, an ecologically keystone species in estuarine and coastal environment, have been investigated. The results indicate that the toxicity of PHCs to P. aibuhitensis is stronger than that of Cd to the organism. There are positive correlations between the mortality of worms and the exposed concentration of single Cd or PHCs in solution. Similarly, the accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms increased with increasing Cd- or PHC-exposed concentrations. All the correlation relationships can be described using unitary quadratic equations （Y or Z = aX^2 ＋ bX ＋ c）. It is calculated, on the basis of these expressions, that the median lethal dose （LC50） ofP aibuhitensis exposed to a single Cd or PHCs is 793.4-13567.3 and 28.0-119.9 μg/L, respectively. The exposed time has some stimulative effect on the two pollutants and on the mortality of the worms. Thus, even a low concentration of a single Cd or PHCs may have strong toxic effects on the worms when the exposed time becomes longer. The accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms differs with an increase in exposure time at the given exposed concentration of a single Cd or PHCs. Noticeably, the accumulation of PHCs in worms decreases with an increase in exposure time at the given high concentration of PHCs in solution. The joint effect of PHCs and Cd on P. aibuhitensis is very complicated and changes with the exposed concentrations of the two pollutants. At the given concentration of PHCs, the joint toxicity of the two pollutants on the worms changes from synergism to antagonism with an increase in Cd concentration. The accumulation of Cd in the worms significantly decreases with the addition of PHCs to exposure solution.     

基于粗糙集理论的路段交通事故多发点成因分析

交通事故多为多种原因综合造成且具有不确定性。判别各因素对于引发交通事故的影响程度存在困难,因此,需要引入不确定性分析方法。基于粗糙集理论具有处理不精确、不确定与不完全数据的优势,是一种先进的并处于不断发展的不确定性分析和推理方法。笔者提出路段上交通事故成因分析的模型和方法。具体做法是,根据该路段事故多发点的统计数据建立基于粗糙集理论的决策表,再利用粗糙集模型的简约算法求出各个因素的重要性,从而判断各因素对交通事故的影响程度大小,为决策提供依据。以算例说明模型和方法的可用性。     

4种硝酸酯热安定性的绝热试验研究

利用绝热加速量热仪(ARC)对硝酸正丙酯(NPN)、硝酸异丙酯(IPN)、太根(TEGDN)、敌根(DEGDN)4种硝酸酯的热稳定性进行了绝热试验研究,得到绝热放热曲线和热分解特征参数。分析了4种物质分解过程的特点,对测试结果进行了修正。计算得到动力学参数和自加速分解温度SADT,以此作为评估热安定性的判据。结果表明,4种硝酸酯在外界热作用下容易发生分解,反应速度较快,伴随明显的热效应和压力效应。4种硝酸酯的热安定性由好到差排序为:IPN、NPN、TEGDN、DEGDN。