Revealing photon transmission in an ultraviolet reactor: Advanced approaches for measuring fluence rate distribution in water for model validation

Fluence rate (FR) distribution (optical field) is of great significance in the optimal design of ultraviolet (UV) reactors for disinfection or oxidation processes in water treatment. Since the 1970s, various simulation models have been developed, which can be combined with computational fluidic dynamic software to calculate the fluence delivered in a UV reactor. These models strive for experimental validation and further improvement, which is a major challenge for UV technology in water treatment. Herein, a review of the simulation models of the FR distribution in a UV reactor and the applications of the current main experimental measurement approaches including conventional flat-type UV detector, spherical actinometer, and micro-fluorescent silica detector (MFSD), is presented. Moreover, FR distributions in a UV reactor are compared between various simulation models and MFSD measurements. In addition, the main influential factors on the FR distribution, including inner-wall reflection, refraction and shadowing effects of adjacent lamps, and turbidity effect are discussed, which is helpful for improving the accuracy of the simulation models and avoiding dark regions in the reactor design. This paper provides an overview on the simulation models and measurement approaches for the FR distribution, which is helpful for the model selection in fluence calculations and gives high confidence on the optimal design of UV reactors in regard to present methods.     

负载镍锌氧体木质素基活性炭吸附磺胺噻唑

以碱木素为原料热解制备碱木素基活性炭（LAC）,在此基础上添加硝酸镍、硝酸锌等,用水热合成法成功制备出负载镍锌氧体的木质素基活性炭（NiZn-DO/LAC）.通过SEM、BET、XRD等仪器对木质素基活性炭性能结构进行表征,并研究其在水溶液中对于磺胺噻唑（ST）的吸附.结果表明,所制得的木质素基活性炭具有明显的三维多孔结构与稳定的晶体结构,其具备较大的比表面积（759.1m²/g）.在吸附ST的过程中,NiZn-DO/LAC表现出较好的吸附性能,最大吸附容量可达328.2mg/g,优于其他报道的吸附剂.在NaOH溶液中,ST易从活性炭材料中脱附,在循环利用4次后,解吸率仍可达79.43%.NiZn-DO/LAC对ST的吸附主要通过静电作用、π-π堆积作用、络合作用、氢键作用及疏水性作用的协同,从而使吸附性能得到很大提高.     

基于FCE-AHP的黄石市地质环境承载力评价

随着城市化进程的加快,人类工程活动日益强烈,地质环境问题已经成为阻碍绿色城市发展的关键因素。了解区域地质环境承载现状,有助于提出有效的地质环境调控手段,科学指导区域发展规划。以湖北省黄石市为研究区,基于地质环境、生态环境、社会环境三个方面共16个评价指标,构建地质环境承载力评价体系。采用模糊综合评价（Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation,FCE）确定各因子的隶属度、层次分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP）确定各因子权重,最后通过GIS空间分析对黄石地质环境承载力进行综合评价。研究表明：黄石市东北区域承载力较差,主要受地灾因子制约,建议对地质灾害问题进行修复治理;中西部陈贵镇附近因矿山开采导致其承载力较差,建议开展矿山环境恢复工程;南部阳新县承载力整体较好,可进行适度开发利用。不同区域地质环境承载力的短板要素不同,需要找到制约因子并对其进行改善来提高地质环境承载力。     

新时期沿黄省会城市商业空间结构及其空间服务能力

在“黄河战略”和推动供给侧结构性改革的双重背景下,考察沿黄城市商业空间格局对推动黄河流域城市经济高质量发展意义重大。以沿黄省会城市为例,通过核密度估计、标准差椭圆方法分析其商业空间结构,进而通过叠加分析方法探讨等级商业空间服务能力。结果表明：（1）市区人均社会消费品零售总额自黄河上游到下游总体呈现递增趋势,济南是典型的积极消费型城市;（2）沿黄省会城市商业空间格局呈现出串珠型、单核心型、基础网络型、成熟网络型;（3）城市商业空间结构越成熟,空间服务能力越强,济南市等级商业空间服务能力显著,郑州市最差。研究结果能够为新时期黄河流域高质量发展与国土空间规划提供科学参考。     

基于响应面法SCR脱硝反应器喷氨格栅的优化研究

利用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,采用k-e湍流模型和组分运输模型对SCR脱硝反应器的氨浓度场进行了数值模拟,并通过实验验证了反应器内氨浓度场数值模拟的准确性,同时,基于响应面法研究了喷氨格栅各结构参数和系统运行参数对SCR脱硝反应器内氨浓度场的影响.结果表明,喷口密度N,开孔率ψ,喷口角度α及入口风速v对氨浓度分布均匀性都存在着一定影响,其中影响的显著性为N>α>v>ψ.而且存在着一组最优的喷氨格栅结构参数和最佳的系统运行参数能够使SCR脱硝反应器内的氨浓度分布不均匀系数达到最优值.在本文研究的参数范围内,喷氨格栅最优的结构参数分别是：r=8个、d=57mm、α=90°,系统最佳的运行参数为v=8.17m/s,此时氨浓度分布不均匀系数为0.0151.     

新时期国土空间安全背景下的空间规划系统思考

当前,国土空间治理模式正由原空间规划“集群”向统一的国土空间规划转变,国土空间安全这一空间发展底线问题成为规划各界热议的焦点。基于系统理论,梳理了国土空间及其规划系统,重点分析了具有什么系统性质的空间规划才能更好地保障国土空间安全。研究表明：（1）国土空间规划完善的法律体系与科学的系统接口是保障国土空间系统安全的关键; （2）国土空间规划立法,应构建以国土空间规划法作为基本法,形成以法律法规、标准体系为核心的结构清晰、内容统一的法规体系,以使空间规划系统结构合理;（3）系统接口方面,建立以硬件接口和软件接口为主要类型、国土空间规划全生命周期为核心的三维系统接口,实现“五级三类四体系”的三维衔接。     

Insights into pH-dependent transformation of gibberellic acid in aqueous solution: Transformation pathway, mechanism and toxicity estimation

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is widely used in agriculture and maybe transfer with groundwater flow, which is an endocrine disruptor, but few studies have focused on the transformation pathway and toxicity assessment of GA₃ and its products. Here, GA₃ and its transformation products in aqueous solution were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry hybrid ion trap time-of-flight (LCMS?IT?TOF) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The results showed that the half-life of GA₃ transformation in ultrapure water was 16.1–24.6 days at pH=2.0–8.0, with the lowest half-life occurring at pH=8.0 and highest half-life occurring at pH=3.3. Isomerized gibberellic acid (Iso-GA₃) and gibberellenic acid (GEA) were the main transformation products with a little hydroxy gibberellic acid (OH-GA₃). In North China groundwater, the mass balance of GA₃ and its products was 76.2%, including Iso-GA₃ (58%), GEA (7.9%), GA₃ (7.3%) and OH-GA₃ (3%) after reaching transformation equilibrium. Using Gaussian 09 for chemical computation, it was found that the transformation mechanism of GA₃ was dependent upon the bond energy and the stereochemical feature of its molecular structure. GA₃ always isomerized from the γ-lactone ring due to the lowest bond energy between the oxygen terminus of the γ-lactone ring and A ring. While GA₃ and its transformation products all had developmental toxicity, the predicated LC₅₀ (96 hr) and LD₅₀ of the main products of GA₃ were much lower than those of GA₃, indicating GA₃ would be transformed into higher toxicity derivatives in water environments, posing a significant health risk to humans and the environment.     

食用植物油加工VOCs排放特征

获取了菜籽和大豆植物油加工行业VOCs排放系数、成分谱和臭氧生成贡献,并对其全国VOCs排放量进行了计算.结果表明,菜籽油加工过程VOCs排放系数为1.20kg/t菜籽用量和6.32kg/t菜籽油产量,大豆油加工过程VOCs排放系数为0.36kg/t大豆用量和2.35kg/t大豆油产量.菜籽油和大豆油加工排放的VOCs主要来自于有机溶剂挥发.VOCs排放占比最大的物种是正己烷,其次是甲基戊烷（包括3-甲基戊烷和2-甲基戊烷）,再次是甲基环戊烷.植物油加工行业OFP为931.47μg/m³,其中,烷烃贡献最大,占比为61.90%;其次是烯烃和OVOCs,占比分别为19.61%和15.14%,.2019年中国大豆和油菜籽植物油加工VOCs排放量为5.12万t,大豆和油菜籽植物油分别贡献65.4%和34.6%,山东、湖北、江苏、广东、河南、广西、天津、河北、湖南、福建是贡献最大的10个省份,合计占比72.0%.     

含能材料热安全性研究进展

分析了国内外关于含能材料烤燃试验和烤燃数值模拟的研究进展,主要是炸药和推进剂等烤燃试验研究成果,以及装填含能材料的弹药系统的烤燃数值模拟研究成果。结果发现,小型含能材料烤燃试验技术是目前烤燃试验开展的重点,其中烤燃过程可视化、烤燃响应程度的量化是烤燃试验的关键技术。小型烤燃试验研究结合烤燃数值模拟是评估弹药系统热安全性的重要方法。针对烤燃数值模型的完善(热-机械-化学耦合烤燃模型)是未来的发展趋势。     

西宁盆地总有机碳同位素记录的～39 Ma亚洲内陆急剧干旱事件

始新世亚洲内陆干旱环境演化(简称干旱化)的研究比较匮乏,驱动机制存在争议。位于青藏高原东北缘的西宁盆地含有连续的始新世地层沉积序列,是研究上述科学问题的理想材料。通过西宁盆地中央西宁东和水湾平行剖面(古地磁年代均为～ 43 Ma — ～ 35 Ma)详细的总有机碳同位素记录,对始新世的干旱生态环境变化进行了研究,结果显示:上述两个平行剖面总有机碳同位素平均值均在～39 Ma发生了急剧的～2.5‰变正(分别从-27.5‰和-28.4‰变正为-25.0‰和-26.0‰),结合盆地内耐旱植物麻黄属和白刺属孢粉的百分含量急剧升高,共同指示该时期的西宁盆地发生了急剧干旱化。副特提斯海退却导致的水汽输送的减少可能是驱动西宁盆地始新世干旱生态环境变化的主要原因,全球长期变冷可能起到了背景叠加作用。