对氯酚经Fenton体系预降解后的生物流化床处理

采用Fenton-生物流化床联用工艺处理对氯酚(4-CP)模拟废水,考察了不同Fenton处理程度时4-CP的降解产物和出水的可生化性,从而确定合适的Fenton体系预处理程度.同时,采用快速排泥法进行活性炭的挂膜以实现流化床的启动,并考察了流化床连续运行阶段停留时间(RT)、pH对降解效果的影响及反应器的抗冲击能力.最后研究了4-CP在Fenton-生物流化床联用工艺中的降解过程.结果表明,当4-CP初始浓度在1～2mmol·L-1时,通过Fenton体系可使83%左右的苯环破裂,转化成小分子有机酸;利用微生物作用可使剩余的苯环类物质和大部分的有机酸被降解,出水CODCr100mg·L-1.Fenton-生物流化床工艺具有高效处理难降解废水的优点,是一项具有应用前景的废水处理技术.     

鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海沉积物重金属富集特征与潜在生态风险比较

为研究鸭绿江河口及毗邻浅海沉积物中重金属的污染状况,比较了鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海表层沉积物重金属的富集系数、多金属污染度的沿程变化,分析了重金属的分布富集规律;讨论了采用不同的背景值在潜在生态风险指数、地累积指数、生物效应浓度3种评价方法中的差异及其对生态风险评价结果的影响. 结果表明:鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海的潜在生态风险总体属于低风险等级,其中毗邻浅海和潮滩的重金属污染较轻,西汊道的污染相对较重. 重金属的高值分布区与混浊带具有一定的对应关系,但受人类活动的影响更大,对鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海表层沉积物重金属污染生态风险评价贡献率较高的重金属污染因子是Cu,Hg和Cd.      

川西高海拔河流中溶解性有机质(DOM)紫外-可见光吸收光谱特征

溶解性有机质(DOM)对全球碳循环及气候变化具有重要意义.本文选取川西北4条高海拔河流,即杂谷脑河、抚边河及岷江(高山峡谷河流)与白河(高原河流),对其天然水体中有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)的紫外-可见光吸收光谱特征进行了研究与比较.结果表明,川西高海拔河流DOC变化范围为1.55~5.66 mg·L~(-1),CDOM(以a(355)表征)变化范围为0.96~6.31 m-1,荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)(以lg Fn(355)表征)变化保持在2.08~2.83之间.与高山峡谷区河流比较,高原河流芳香性、疏水性特征常数SUVA254、SUVA260较高,吸光度之比E2/E3、光谱斜率S275~295及光谱斜率之比SR较低,揭示了高原河流CDOM芳香性较强、疏水性组分丰富、分子结构较为复杂;SUVA254、SUVA260分别与SR、S275~295呈显著负相关,表明白河由于高通量陆源腐殖质输入影响了CDOM特征.川西高原4条高海拔河流中SUVA254、SUVA260存在显著相关关系,表明芳香性结构普遍存在于河流CDOM疏水组分中.川西高原天然河流水体中CDOM与DOM的浓度之间总体上无直接关联,因为不同天然水体在DOM形成过程中,陆源DOC输入组分和强度及转化机制存在差异.研究结果对于揭示高海拔区域在全球变化背景下有机碳循环的区域效应等方面具有重要意义.     

基于模糊物元模型的西苕溪流域生态系统健康评价

本文借助RS/GIS技术,结合遥感影像数据、环境监测数据和社会经济数据,运用模糊物元模型,从水域、水陆交错带和陆域子系统选取21项评价指标,建立了流域生态系统健康综合评价指标体系,对西苕溪流域生态系统健康状况的空间分布规律和限制性因子进行了探讨.研究结果表明,西苕溪流域生态系统健康整体呈现出优良状态,其中,生态系统健康优秀地区面积占68.2%,良好地区面积占31.8%,能够正常发挥流域服务功能,维持生态系统可持续发展.西苕溪流域生态系统健康在空间分布上呈现出上游好、下游差的局面.在各子系统健康评价中,水域生态系统优于陆域生态系统,水陆交错带生态系统最差.底栖动物完整性遭受破坏、湿地退化、人为干扰活动、水源涵养功能减弱、点源和面源污染负荷较重是限制西苕溪流域部分评价单元生态系统健康的重要因素.     

层次分析法应用于黑龙江省生态环境质量评价研究

将层次分析法应用于生态省建设指标体系的研究,构建了黑龙江省生态省建设指标体系.采用专家调查问卷的方式构造判断矩阵,应用MATLAB6.5计算软件编程,确定了各指标的权重.运用环境质量综合指数模型,对黑龙江省的生态环境质量进行分级,评价黑龙江省生态省建设所取得的进展.结果表明,应用层次分析法定量地评价省域范围生态环境质量是切实可行的,黑龙江省自开展生态省建设以来,生态环境得到了明显改善.     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

城市空气质量数值预报系统对PM2.5的数值模拟研究

发展了南京大学城市空气质量数值预报模式系统(NJU-CAQPS),在模式系统中引入了气溶胶模块.运用该系统对南京地区冬夏两季PM2.5浓度的时间变化规律和空间分布特征进行了数值模拟研究,通过与实际观测资料对比,检验发展后的模式系统对于细颗粒物的模拟性能.结果表明,南京市城近郊内冬夏两季PM2.5浓度具有明显的时空变化特征,一般在半夜和清晨会出现较高浓度,午后至傍晚浓度较低.冬季浓度高于夏季,冬夏两季算例的浓度日均值之比为1.51.空间分布受到排放源位置、地面流场等因素影响.二次气溶胶在PM2.5中占相当的份额,冬夏两季算例中二次气溶胶在PM2.5中所占比例分别为12%和15%,夏季二次气溶胶对PM2.5浓度贡献较冬季大.与实际观测资料的对比验证表明,经过发展的该模式系统对于城市PM2.5等颗粒物的模拟性能良好.     

Phosphorus utilization and microbial community in response to lead/iron addition to a waterlogged soil

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a viable option for helping to solve a wide range of water quality problems. However, heavy metals adsorbed by substrates would decrease the growth of plants, impair the functions of wetlands and eventually result in a failure of contaminant removal. Typha latifolia L., tolerant to heavy metals, has been widely used for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings under waterlogged conditions. This study examined e ects of iron as ferrous sulfate (100 and 500 mg/kg) and lead as lead nitrate (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on phosphorus utilization and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland. Wetland plants (T. latifolia) were grown for 8 weeks in rhizobags filled with a paddy soil under waterlogged conditions. The results showed that both the amount of iron plaque on the roots and phosphorus adsorbed on the plaque decreased with the amount of lead addition. When the ratio of added iron to lead was 1:1, phosphorus utilized by plants was the maximum. Total amount of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) was 23%–59% higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. The relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and methane oxidizing bacteria was also higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, but opposite was observed for other bacteria and fungi. Based on cluster analysis, microbial communities were mostly controlled by the addition of ferrous sulfate and lead nitrate in rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively.     

乙腈和正己烷对环境特征污染物免疫传感分析的影响

利用前期研发的倏逝波全光纤免疫传感系统,使用间接竞争免疫模式对双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)进行了定量分析,其检测灵敏度可达0.2μg·L~(-1),线性检测区间为0.3~33.4μg·L~(-1).重点考察了乙腈和正己烷两种常用有机溶剂对双酚A免疫传感分析的影响,初步探讨了有机溶剂对免疫传感分析的影响机制.结果表明,正己烷含量高达10%都不会对双酚A免疫传感分析产生明显影响,而乙腈的影响比较大.当乙腈含量较低时,可用于双酚A的定量检测;而当乙腈含量较高时,可完全抑制均相溶液中抗体抗原之间的亲和反应,不能用于双酚A的定量分析.其原因可能是乙腈取代了一部分结合在抗体表面的水分子,导致抗体构象改变或者抗体与抗原的亲和力变化而造成的.     

空气负离子与温湿度的关系

研究了在自然条件下温度、湿度和温湿度同时改变时空气负离子浓度的变化规律。实验表明,湿度对负离子浓度有明显作用,随湿度逐渐升高(相对湿度10%～80%),负离子浓度从200个 cm3升至8000个 cm3以上,负离子浓度上升的幅度随湿度增加逐渐增大;负离子浓度也随温度升高而升高(在5～40℃之间);温湿度同时变化时,负离子浓度变化率增大。