Formation of the resource concept in Japan: pre-war and post-war efforts in knowledge integration

The objective of this paper is to trace the evolution of the resource concept in modern Japan by highlighting key individuals who played major roles in communicating this idea to a wider audience during its formation and development between the 1910s and 1950s. Special attention will be paid to the effect of different historical contexts on interpretations of the term “resource”. The paper reveals how the integration of knowledge indispensable for achieving sustainability occurs. The orientation of resource policy was drastically different before and after World War II. In the pre-war period, the military government used the resource concept to create a comprehensive inventory of the nation’s military forces, and “resource” was thus a convenient term to neutralize the aggressive connotations of top-down military mobilization. After the turn to democratic principles in 1945, “resource” suddenly acquired a symbolic meaning as a means to serve the people. Despite these contrasts, however, pre and post-war resource concepts share a commonality in that the government acted as the centralizing force, providing a platform to integrate disparate knowledge under the resource concept. At a time when society itself is more prone to fragmentation, the resource concept, which played a significant role in unification in the past, should be re-examined. The history of the concept in Japan, particularly during the pre and post-war period up until the 1950s, contains a wealth of insights as to how this can be achieved.

Estimation of water movement in a closed landfill based on tracer tests in gas vents and changes in leachate quality

Leachate accumulated at the Nakazono Landfill in Asahikawa, Japan due to an inadequate leachate collection and drainage system. To reduce the level of leachate in the landfill and promote the stabilization of waste, many passive gas vents were installed in addition to leachate collection vaults. This study evaluated the distribution and movement of leachate in the landfill by measuring leachate levels and conducting tracer tests in the gas vents.Water levels varied widely among gas vents and depended mainly on the vent’s original ground level and depth. Leachate velocity varied greatly; it was high in the upper layers of the saturated zone in a gas vent, but this was only a superficial velocity caused by inflow from unsaturated layers. A sharp decrease in total organic carbon observed in most gas vents after installation was likely due to the effect of aerobic biodegradation in the unsaturated waste layer. This effect was limited to a small aerobic zone around the gas vent.     

智能建筑安全防范系统的评价指标体系研究

围绕智能建筑的安全防范系统,依据安全防范系统的理论,综合分析安全防范系统的人防、物防和技防三种防范手段,构建了智能建筑安全防范系统的综合分析框架。借鉴系统安全中"人、机、环境"以及管理的分析方法,从人的因素、机的因素、环境因素、管理因素以及其他因素等五个方面出发,建立了智能建筑安全防范系统的评价指标体系。并采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法构建了智能建筑安全防范系统的综合评价模型。然后以此为基础,结合实例分析来说明评价指标的有效性,最后针对实例提出了对策措施。     

一次持续性暴雨过程的湿位涡诊断分析

利用绝热、无摩擦大气湿位涡守恒理论和常规的地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料(水平分辨率1°×1°),对山东省西北部2012年7月30日-8月1日的一次持续性暴雨过程的湿位涡场进行了诊断和分析。结果表明,这是一次副高边缘低涡切变类暴雨天气过程,500 hPa副热带高压和地面倒槽的稳定为鲁西北地区产生持续性暴雨提供了必要的环流条件;暴雨产生在θe线陡立密集区附近,θe线陡立密集区附近对流稳定度较小,有利于倾斜涡度发展;暴雨的发生发展与湿位涡的时空演变有很好的对应关系,湿位涡"正负区叠加"的配置是低涡暴雨发展的有利形势,暴雨区位于850 hPa上MPV1和MPV2的正负值过渡的零值区附近。     

中国特色城镇化道路研究

城镇化是我国社会经济健康稳定发展必然面临并需要科学引导与管理的重大问题.我国城镇化的发展过程具有农业经济向工业经济、计划经济向市场经济转型的"双重转型"背景;表现为人口城市化(异地转移)和农村城镇化(就地转移)"双重城镇化方向";是在"政府推动"和"市场拉动"双重动力驱动下的城镇化;是在制度变迁方面自上而下的城镇化和自下而上的城镇化的"双重发展模式".认为,中国的城镇化不能照搬别国的模式,必须从自己的国情出发,走有中国特色的城镇化道路,要在产业转型与体制转型的背景下,将人口城市化与农村城镇化、"政府推动"和"市场拉动"的城镇化机制结合起来,并积极多渠道地解决农民工市民化问题.     

农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的影响因素——基于野外土地利用测量与入户调查

恢复力作为刻画人类自身响应和发挥主体能力、积极抵御和适应外界变化的指标,在灾害学领域的引入进一步丰富和明晰了灾害承灾体的性质,与脆弱性具有同等的重要性。但当前对灾害恢复力的研究不足,如何界定灾害恢复力的特征、诊断和定量评价恢复力尚存在较大的探讨空间。在湖南鼎城高排河流域野外土地利用现状测量与入户调查所得数据和气象数据的基础上,应用数学统计方法重点分析了土地利用、农户经济、文化素质状况等因素与农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的关系。结果表明,地貌类型与海拔高度从较大尺度上决定了农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的大小,水源地位置及其蓄水能力、水田与旱地的比例关系、劳动力文化水平、农户实际年收入和非农收入比例是影响农业旱灾承灾体恢复力的主要因素。     

面向对象的灾害信息遥感提取框架及其应用

我国自然灾害频发,遥感技术可快速、大范围地获取地表的重大自然灾害信息,具有巨大的应用价值.但目前高分辨率遥感影像处理面临一定的困难,尚无十分有效且快速的分类与目标提取算法,面向对象影像处理技术是该领域的研究热点.通过详细分析面向对象影像处理方法与高分辨率影像的特点,构建了面向对象遥感影像技术的灾害信息提取框架,并将该提取框架应用于地震灾害的损毁分析,为相关灾害应用研究提供参考.     

Characterization of an adsorbed humin-like substance on an allophanic soil formed via catalytic polycondensation between catechol and glycine, and its adsorption capability to pentachlorophenol

An allophanic soil (AS) catalyzed the formation of dark-colored polymers via polycondensation reactions between catechol and glycine. The organic carbon content of the AS was increased from 0.16% to 1.3%, indicating that some of the dark-colored polymers had been adsorbed to the AS. The characteristics of the dark-colored polymers adsorbed on the AS were similar to those of a humin that is not extractable with an aqueous alkaline solution. Such a humin-like substance (HuLS) was separated from the AS by treatment with a mixture of HF and HCl. The HuLS and humic acid-like substance (HaLS), comprising the acid-insoluble fraction in the reaction mixture, were characterized by elemental analysis, size exclusion chromatography, pyrolysis-GC/MS and ¹³C NMR. However, the structural features of HaLS and HuLS had many points in common. These results suggest that HuLS-AS can be regarded as an organo-clay complex formed by the strong adsorption of HaLS to the AS. The adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) to AS and HuLS-AS was examined at pH 5.5. At this pH, the zeta potential of the HuLS-AS showed a negative value. It would, therefore, be expected that pentachlorophenolate anions would adsorb with difficulty to HuLS-AS because of electrostatic repulsion. Nevertheless, the adsorption coefficient for PCP to HuLS-AS, as estimated by the Freundlich isotherm, was seven times larger than that for AS. These results show that HuLS, when adsorbed on the AS surface, has the capability to enhance the adsorption of PCP.     

20Hz-40GHz电磁环境自动监测系统

本文对20Hz-40GHz电磁环境自动监测系统进行了说明,对系统各个硬件组成部分分别进行了介绍,并详尽阐述了如何通过软件控制完成自动监测功能。最后对监测点的选择方法进行了分析。     

生态食品开发的新思路

本文着重介绍了生态农业和生态食品的概念,阐述了生态食品的标志,探讨了生态食品开发的必要性、可行性,并对我国生态食品的开发提出了一些新的思路.