道路车辆电工电子设备高加速应力筛选和稽核

成熟的汽车企业已经将高加速环境应力筛选和稽核引入装车电工电子设备的研发、试产和批量供货的管理中,其需求已进入国内检测市场。在讨论了高加速寿命试验(HALT)基础上,介绍并讨论高加速应力筛选(HASS)和稽核(HASA)的各项要素和实验室要求。     

古城水电站引水隧洞施工过程中围岩稳定性的数值模拟

介绍了古城水电站引水隧洞采用台阶法施工的过程与方法,并以有限元分析软件ANSYS为平台,运用现代岩体力学模型对该引水隧洞施工过程中围岩与衬砌之间的作用进行了数值模拟,研究了围岩应力动态调整过程及其围岩的变形规律。结果表明:隧洞上断面开挖且初期支护后拱顶弯矩值和剪力值最大,此处最容易遭到破坏;通过对施工过程中监测数据的整理和分析,预测了隧洞断面的最终收敛量,其计算结果符合规范要求,表明初期支护的设计能够满足隧洞围岩稳定性的要求。     

基于本体元模型的环境科学知识库研究与构建

环境科学知识具有多学科特性,仍难以在计算机系统中实现有效的管理和传播。为解决这个问题,利用本体论和本体元模型方法把环境科学知识粒度分解为物料、理论、工艺和指标等类别,构建环境科学知识的多层次组件模型和本体元模型,并在此基础上设计构建了环境科学知识库应用系统的框架。该框架已在中国环境科学学会主办的中国环保科普资源网中得到应用,形成环境科学知识库系统。该知识库以用户库、本体库和关系库分别存储用户信息、本体实例元数据和本体实例间的关联信息,与其他常见的知识管理系统相比,具有更强的扩展性和灵活性;以学科关系组织和呈现知识,更利于环境科学知识的管理和传播。     

海河流域浮游植物物种组成与丰富度水平分布格局

通过对海河流域八大水系197个采样点的采样调查,发现海河流域浮游植物共8科95属505种.北三河水系与子牙河水系浮游植物物种数、限制种比例高于其他水系;而徒骇马颊河水系与滦河水系浮游植物物种丰富度最高.通过一元线性回归分析发现除滦河水系外的7个水系浮游植物物种丰富度具有显著的纬度、经度分布格局(p＜0.05)通过绘制海河流域浮游植物物种丰富度分布图,分析发现:除永定河水系外,海河流域浮游植物丰富度整体上呈现出由上游向下游递减的趋势.采用SPSS软件对八大水系浮游植物物种丰富度进行系统聚类分析,结果显示,八个水系被聚为3类,其中徒骇马颊河水系与黑龙港水系聚为一类.Sprensen相似性系数计算结果发现徒骇马颊河水系与滦河水系浮游植物物种组成最为相似.     

壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的生物标志物——尿液5-HT

为了探讨壬基酚和辛基酚对大鼠体内(5-HT)代谢的影响,为壬基酚和辛基酚暴露标志物的鉴定提供依据.选取健康雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠35只,随机分为对照组,壬基酚、辛基酚及其联合染毒低剂量组(50 mg·kg-1·d-1),壬基酚、辛基酚及其联合染毒高剂量组(150 mg·kg-1·d-1),每组5只,连续7d灌胃染毒,建立染毒动物模型.灌胃次日,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测各组大鼠尿液中5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量.结果表明,染毒组大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于正常对照组(p＜0.01);高剂量染毒组大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于其低剂量染毒组(p＜0.01);染毒第7天大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于其染毒第3天(p＜0 01)尿液中5-HT浓度随染毒剂量和染毒时间的增加而升高,有剂量-毒性效应和时间-毒性效应关系;尿液5-HT可作为评估壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的潜在生物标志物,应用于大规模人群暴露风险的监测.     

ASE萃取-GPC净化-GC/HPLC测定土壤中的六六六、滴滴涕和苯并(a)芘

建立了同时测定土壤中的六六六(BHC)、滴滴涕(DDT)及苯并(a)芘含量的方法.方法采用加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)提取目标化合物,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化提取液,气相色谱和高效液相色谱同时进行分析.结果表明,该方法检测效果较好,回收率在66.0％～132％之间,相对标准偏差为2.34～6.57之间,检出限为0.12～0.20 μg/kg.该方法操作简便,定性定量准确.     

蓖麻（Ric inus communist L.）对锰矿区土壤中重金属累积特性的研究

为探讨蓖麻（Ricinus communist L.）对锰矿区土壤生态修复及能源化利用潜力,将不同品种蓖麻湘蓖1号和淄蓖7号播种在锰尾矿库土壤上,进入生殖生长阶段时采收全株,测定栽植土壤及植株根、茎、叶中5种重金属元素含量。结果显示：土壤中Mn平均含量最高达7884.96 mg＆#183;kg-1,超过国家规定的土壤环境质量域级标准6.5倍;湘蓖1号不同器官的Mn浓度从高至低为根＆gt;叶＆gt;茎,淄蓖7号不同器官Mn含量叶＆gt;茎＆gt;根,其叶中Mn平均浓度最高为765.43 mg＆#183;kg-1,较湘蓖1号叶中的平均含量高出79.53%, Pb、Cu、Cr含量及叶/根比值均大于湘蓖1号;植株体内重金属含量与土壤中重金属浓度的相关分析表明,重金属的积累量和转移量,受到土壤中几种重金属元素的共同影响。结果说明：2个品种的蓖麻均可以作为锰矿区能源化修复利用,对重金属的吸收和转运在品种间存在差异,淄蓖7号地上部分对重金属的迁移能力强于湘蓖1号。     

Diffusion mechanism of chloride ions in sodium montmorillonite

For safety assessment of geological disposal of HLW, it is necessary to understand the diffusion mechanism of radionuclides in compacted bentonite. In this study, the diffusion behavior of chloride ions in compacted montmorillonite was studied from the viewpoints of the activation energy for apparent diffusion and the basal spacing of the compacted montmorillonite. A unique change in the activation energy as a function of the dry density of the montmorillonite was found. The activation energy decreased from 17.4 to 13.5 kJ mol-1 as the dry density increased from 0.7 to 1.0 Mg m-3 and increased to 25.1 kJ mol-1 at dry densities above 1.0 Mg m-3. The basal spacing of 1.88 nm, corresponding to the three-water layer hydrate state, was not observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) until the dry density increased to 1.0 Mg m-3, where the minimum activation energy was obtained. On the other hand, a basal spacing of 1.56 nm, corresponding to the two-water layer hydrate state, was observed at the dry densities of 1.4 Mg m-3 and above, where the activation energies were more than 22 kJ mol-1. These experimental results suggest that there are at least two additional diffusion processes that can raise or reduce the activation energy and are affected by water in the region adjacent to the montmorillonite surfaces. If the "Grahame model" can be introduced to describe the electrical double layer, surface diffusion will be considered the possible predominant diffusion process, even for anions like chloride ions.     

Experimental and modeling studies on sorption and diffusion of radium in bentonite

The sorption and desorption behavior of radium on bentonite and purified smectite was investigated as a function of pH, ionic strength and liquid to solid ratio by batch experiments. The distribution coefficients (Kd) were in the range of 10(2) to > 10(4) ml g-1 and depended on ionic strength and pH. Most of sorbed Ra was desorbed by 1 M KCl. The results for purified smectite indicated that Ra sorption is dominated by ion exchange at layer sites of smectite, and surface complexation at edge sites may increase Ra sorption at higher pH region. Reaction parameters between Ra and smectite were determined based on an interaction model between smectite and groundwater. The reaction parameters were then used to explain the results of bentonite by considering dissolution and precipitation of minerals and soluble impurities. The dependencies of experimental Kd values on pH, ionic strength and liquid to solid ratio were qualitatively explained by the model. The modeling result for bentonite indicated that sorption of Ra on bentonite is dominated by ion exchange with smectite. The observed pH dependency was caused by changes of Ca concentration arising from dissolution and precipitation of calcite. Diffusion behavior of Ra in bentonite was also investigated as a function of dry density and ionic strength. The apparent diffusion coefficients (Da) obtained in compacted bentonite were in the range of 1.1 x 10(-11) to 2.2 x 10(-12) m2 s-1 and decreased with increasing in dry density and ionic strength. The Kd values obtained by measured effective diffusion coefficient (De) and modeled De were consistent with those by the sorption model in a deviation within one order of magnitude.     

矿区生态文明评价指标体系研究

随着矿产资源开发利用的加剧,我国矿区资源环境受到了前所未有的冲击,迫切需要加快生态文明建设。矿区生态文明评价指标体系的设计与运用将引导矿区克服生态文明建设中的薄弱环节,促进矿区生态化发展,实现区内文明与自然的和谐统一。本文阐述了矿区生态文明评价要解决的问题,主要包括矿产、土地的节约集约和综合利用、矿业生产和矿区生活的节能减排、防治矿区地质灾害、保护矿区自然生态系统以及促进矿区经济、社会、资源和环境协调发展等内容,并从研究重点的选择、指标体系的构建思路、指标使用频率等角度,对现有矿区生态文明评价相关指标体系进行回顾与总结。基于指标选择的原则、指标体系设计的目的和指标体系的构成等三个关键问题的探讨,提出了完善矿区生态文明评价指标体系的构想,可为相关实证研究提供参考依据。