胶东半岛湖泊面积对气候变化的响应

湖泊是陆地水圈的重要组成部分,不仅参与自然界水循环,而且具有提供水源、调节洪水、维持生态环境健康等功能,研究湖泊面积的动态变化特征,探讨湖泊面积动态对气候变化的响应对水资源的合理利用及生态环境保护具有重要的现实意义。以胶东半岛为研究区,基于1985—2017年的Landsat遥感影像数据为数据源,提取了胶东半岛近33年的湖泊面积和数量信息,揭示了胶东半岛湖泊水体面积变化特征及其对气候变化的响应关系。结果显示：1985—2017年,胶东半岛湖泊面积和湖泊数量均呈波动减少趋势,分别减少100.02 km²和79个。[0.01, 0.1) km²等级的湖泊面积表现为波动增加趋势,其他等级的湖泊面积均表现为波动减少趋势,≥10 km²等级的湖泊面积下降最明显。胶东半岛湖泊面积与降水呈正相关,显著水平均在0.05以上;湖泊面积与气温呈负相关,未达显著水平。胶东半岛影响湖泊面积突变的降水量阈值为626.9 mm左右。低于626.9 mm,湖泊面积随降水量减少而急剧下降;高于626.9 mm,湖泊面积随降水量增加而稳定增长。“引黄济青”工程对大型湖泊面积变化具有重要影响,且极大地缓解了烟威地区的旱情,对胶东半岛自然生态环境和社会经济的可持续发展发挥了重要作用。     

秸秆露天焚烧典型大气污染物排放因子

利用烟气污染物稀释采样系统,基于实际测试,针对玉米、小麦、花生和棉花4种农作物秸秆开展露天焚烧排放大气污染物采集和分析.利用修正燃烧效率区分燃烧状态,根据碳平衡法计算烟气中颗粒物和气态污染物排放因子.结果表明,4种秸秆露天焚烧CO、SO₂、NO_x和CH₄平均排放因子分别在7.39~92.4g/kg、0.11~0.89g/kg、0.72~3.86g/kg和0.2~5.45g/kg之间,PM_2.5平均排放因子在1.48~13.29g/kg之间.OC和EC的质量分别占PM_2.5全部质量的27.7%~54.3%和4.4%~17.1%,是PM_2.5的主要组成成分.污染物排放主要来自混合燃烧状态,焖烧状态排放污染物浓度相对较高.随着含水率升高,焖烧过程增强显著,CO、CH₄、PM_2.5和OC的排放因子升高,其中PM_2.5排放量增高主要是由OC排放占比升高导致.     

不同炭基两性黏土对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

为了探究不同炭基两性黏土材料对紫色土吸附Cu²⁺的影响,将0%、50%和100% CEC十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱（两性）修饰膨润土分别负载于旱生和水生空心莲子草生物炭上制得炭基两性黏土,然后将其以1%和2%（质量比）添加到紫色土中形成供试研究土样。批量处理法研究pH、离子强度和温度处理对各供试土样吸附Cu²⁺的影响,并分析最适环境条件下土样对Cu²⁺的等温吸附和热力学特征。结果表明：（1）pH在2~5范围内,各供试土样对Cu²⁺的吸附量均与pH呈正相关关系。随着离子强度的增大,供试土样对Cu²⁺的吸附量均先增加后减少,以0.1 mg/L最高。10℃~40℃范围内,土样对Cu²⁺的吸附均表现为增温正效应。（2）在pH=5,离子强度0.1 mg/L和40℃条件下,土样对Cu²⁺的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量（q_m）保持在160.79~247.12 mmol/kg之间。添加1%和2%炭基两性黏土后土样q_m分别为紫色土的1.35~1.74倍和1.57~2.02倍。选择旱生炭基两性黏土和2%材料添加比例下土样对Cu²⁺的吸附量较大。（3）热力学参数结果显示各供试土样对Cu²⁺的吸附是自发、吸热和熵增的反应过程。     

电气设备用铜材在含硫化氢环境下的腐蚀寿命预测

目的电气设备铜材因遭受含硫化氢环境腐蚀的影响,致使其性能下降,并给电气设备的安全运行埋下安全隐患。为保证电气设备在现场服役环境中的安全可靠性,需对铜材在该环境中的寿命进行预测。方法利用失重法研究电气设备用铜材在现场环境和室内外硫化氢加速环境下的腐蚀动力学规律,通过灰色关联度分析方法探讨两种环境条件下的关联性,并建立铜材在现场服役环境中的寿命预测模型。结果在现场和室内硫化氢环境下,铜材腐蚀动力规律遵循幂函数定律;两种环境的灰色关联系数为0.72,相关性良好;铜材的腐蚀寿命模型为T_(现场)=0.74T_(加速)~(2.16)。结论利用室内硫化氢加速腐蚀试验可以对电气设备用铜材在现场环境中的腐蚀状态和腐蚀寿命进行预测。     

抚仙湖、星云湖与杞麓湖营养状态演变及突变分析

为科学评价抚仙湖、星云湖和杞麓湖(简称三湖)营养状态及其变化趋势,基于三湖1991—2015年水质数据,采用综合营养状态指数法评价其富营养化水平,通过Mann-Kendall(Sneyers)方法判识三湖富营养化趋势及突变时间。结果表明:三湖都存在水质恶化现象,其综合营养状态指数及各分项指数均呈变差趋势,表征其营养物质在增加。三湖的营养化水平和演变时间存在显著差异,抚仙湖处于贫营养,星云湖由中营养转变为富营养,杞麓湖表现为中度-重度富营养化;抚仙湖和杞麓湖分别在2004、2011年出现突变点,星云湖自2000年后综合营养状态指数显著增加。基于三湖营养状态演变及趋势,结合变化特征及相关情况的讨论,提出对抚仙湖的管理应减少农业化肥和农药排放,对星云湖和杞麓湖的管理应削减高污染工矿企业排放等。     

某火力发电厂周围小麦受SO2污染调查

对某火力发电厂排放SO2导致其周围小麦受污染的突发性事故进行了调查。通过实地勘察小麦的受害症状，发现小麦呈典型的硫氧化物危害和硫酸雾腐蚀特征；小麦生物学性状和产量调查结果表明，污染区与对照区小麦无论株高、茎粗、穗长均无显著差异。而小麦的产量已受到影响，与对照区相比差异极显著；污染区小麦叶片全硫量和水溶性硫测定结果表明，全硫量均值为0．759％，高出对照区全硫含量均值0．651％的17％，经t检验差异显著；水溶性硫含量均值0．64％，高出对照区水溶性硫含量均值0．52％的23％，经检验差异极显著，表明污染区小麦受害确系SO2所致；分析气象条件认为污染区小麦是在低气压、高湿度、低风速、偏西风和稳定天气频率偏高的状况下受到污染的。     

Concentrations, enrichment and predominant sources of Sb and other trace elements in size classified airborne particulate matter collected in Tokyo from 1995 to 2004

APM was collected and trace elements existing in the particles were monitored since May 1995 in this study. APM sample was collected separately by size (d < 2 microm, 2-11 microm and >11 microm) on the roof of the university building (45 m above ground) in the campus of Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, using an Anderson low volume air sampler. The collected sample was digested by HNO3, H2O2 and HF using a microwave oven, and major elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca and Fe) were measured by ICP-AES, and trace elements (Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba and Pb) were measured by ICP-MS. It was observed that the APM concentration was higher between the winter and the spring, compared to during the summer. The enrichment factor was calculated for each element in each set of APM (d < 2 microm, 2-11 microm and >11 microm). Seasonal trends of enrichment factors were examined, and the elements were classified into 3 groups according to the common seasonal behavior. It is likely that the elements in the same group have common origins. Toxic pollutant elements (Sb, Se, Cd, Pb and As) were found in small particles with d of <2 microm in concentrated levels. Antimony (Sb) had the highest enrichment factor, and the results suggested that Sb level in APM was extremely high. The origins of Sb were sought, and wastes from plastic incineration and brake pad wears of automobiles were suspected. Each set of APM (d < 2 microm, 2-11 microm and >11 microm) was classified by the shape, and the shape-dependent constituents of a single APM particle were quantitatively measured by SEM-EDX. High concentration of Sb was found in APM <2 microm and square particles. Particles less than 2 microm and square shaped particles were major particles produced by actual car braking experiments. From these experimental results it was concluded that the source of Sb in squared APM <2 microm is considered to be from brake pad wear.     

High-resolution simulation of volcanic sulfur dioxide dispersion over the Miyake Island

After severe eruptions of the volcano at Miyake Island in August 2000, a large amount of volcanic gas was released into the atmosphere. To simulate flows and dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) over Miyake Island, a set of numerical models was developed. The multi-nesting method was adopted to reflect a realistic meteorological field and to sufficiently resolve the flow over the island with a diameter of 8 km. The outermost model was the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) with a horizontal grid size of 10 km. Finer atmospheric structure was simulated with the nonhydrostatic model jointly developed by the Meteorological Research Institute and the Numerical Prediction Division of JMA (MRI/NPD-NHM) with grid intervals of 2 km, 400 m and 100 m. Realistic topography of the island was represented in the innermost model. The Lagrangian particle method was applied to the dispersion model, which is driven by the meteorological field of the 100 m grid MRI/NPD-NHM. The random walk procedure was used to represent the turbulent diffusion. The model was verified in four cases. Simulated SO₂ concentrations agreed well with observed concentrations at a monitoring station including temporal variation. Under a large synoptic change, however, accurate prediction became difficult. Further numerical experiments have been done to investigate characteristics of the flow and the distribution of SO₂. Steady inflows, classified according to the surface wind speed and direction, were assumed. Simulated SO₂ distribution on the ground apparently depends on the surface wind. Under relatively weak inflow, there is a large diurnal change in SO₂ distribution, affected by the thermally induced flow. SO₂ gas is widely spread downstream in the nighttime but hardly reaches the coastal area in the daytime. On the other hand, SO₂ gas steadily reached the downstream coast with little diurnal variation under the stronger inflow. Ground temperature, as well as the static stability of the inflow, also influences downstream wind, turbulent diffusivity and SO₂ distribution.     

垃圾焚烧炉稳定燃烧的控制与调整

通过对晋江垃圾焚烧发电综合处理厂运行实践的总结，分析并探讨了垃圾焚烧过程中出现的问题，提出了对国内低热值、高水分垃圾的完全燃烧应采取的技术措施。     

氯仿稀释法测定高浓度含酚废水

4-AAP萃取分光光度法测定挥发酚方法中，当挥发酚浓度超出校准曲线范围时，一般将水样稀释后重新分析测定。本文采用氯仿稀释萃取液测定吸光度，通过公式换算求得挥发酚浓度，试验表明，该方法准确可靠，操作简便快捷。