小球藻来源溶解有机质的光化学降解特性

利用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)手段结合吸收光谱分析,研究了小球藻指数期和稳定期培养液中溶解有机物(DOM)在秋季天然太阳辐射作用下的光降解动力学特征.结果表明,小球藻生长过程中除能产生短波激发类腐殖质组分C1(其荧光峰的激发/发射波长位置为240,335 nm /406 nm)及类蛋白质组分C3(225,275 nm/334 nm)外,还会形成长波激发类腐殖质组分C2(260,395 nm /502 nm),表明C2组分并非仅有传统认为的陆源属性,同时也具有自生源属性.稳定期培养液的吸收光谱在250~300 nm范围内出现的肩峰,可用于指示水环境中现场自生源的贡献.不同生长时期培养液中DOM的吸收系数和荧光组分的降解动力学都符合一级反应方程.稳定期类腐殖质荧光组分(C1和C2)的光降解程度略高于指数期,但指数期类色氨酸组分(C3)的光降解程度略高于稳定期.经太阳辐照6 d后,小球藻培养液的吸收系数a₃₅₀及各荧光组分的平均损失率分别达到83.0%、84.0%、64.8%和80.0%,对应的半衰期只有1.6~5.0 d,揭示出藻类自生来源的DOM具有很强的光化学降解活性.     

腐蚀时间和温度对LY12CZ铝合金疲劳强度的影响

在实验室环境下对LY12CZ铝合金试验件进行溶液浸泡预腐蚀试验,产生腐蚀坑,使用KH-7700显微镜获得了不同腐蚀时间和腐蚀温度条件下的损伤数据,然后进行疲劳加载试验,建立了不同腐蚀时间和腐蚀温度与疲劳寿命之间的关系。试验结果表明,腐蚀时间和温度对铝合金的预腐蚀损伤及相应的疲劳寿命有着显著影响。     

爆炸加载下新型超高强铝合金的失效分析

采用圆筒爆炸方法对新型超高强铝合金进行了内部爆破试验,用光学显微镜对破裂样品断口附近的金相组织进行了观察,研究了新型超高强铝合金的宏观断口及剪切局部化的现象。结果表明,新型超高强铝合金的断裂以剪切断裂与拉伸断裂的混合形式发生,最大剪切应力面与圆筒半径方向近似呈45°角;靠近圆筒内侧形成了绝热剪切带,并沿最大剪切应力面向外扩展。     

Parker��s sneak-guard model revisited: why do reproductively parasitic males heavily invest in testes?

Alternative reproductive tactics are widespread in males and may cause intraspecific differences in testes investment. Parker's sneak-guard model predicts that sneaker males, who mate under sperm competition risk, invest in testes relatively more than bourgeois conspecifics that have lower risk. Given that sneakers are much smaller than bourgeois males, sneakers may increase testes investment to overcome their limited sperm productivity because of their small body sizes. In this study, we examined the mechanism that mediates differential testes investment across tactics in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish Lamprologus callipterus. In the Rumonge population of Burundi, bourgeois males are small compared with those in other populations and have a body size close to sneaky dwarf males. Therefore, if differences in relative testis investment depend on sperm competition, the rank order of relative testis investment should be dwarf males?>?bourgeois males in Rumonge?=?bourgeois males in the other populations. If differences in relative testis investment depend on body size, the rank order of relative testes investment should be dwarf males?>?bourgeois males in Rumonge?>?bourgeois males in the other populations. Comparisons of relative testis investment among the three male groups supported the role of sperm competition, as predicted by the sneak-guard model. Nevertheless, the effects of absolute body size on testes investment should be considered to understand the mechanisms underlying intraspecific variation in testes investment caused by alternative reproductive tactics.     

餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵影响因素研究

用L9(34)正交试验法研究了温度、含固率、接种率和pH对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气量的影响,确定了考察因子的主次以及最优工艺条件,并针对影响较为显著的因素(温度、接种率和pH)进行了单因素验证试验。实验结果表明:在温度为55℃、pH值为7、接种率为30％、含固率为8％时,厌氧发酵产沼气的产率最大为633.8 mL/gVS...     

粤东近岸海域表层沉积物重金属污染评价及来源解析

为了解粤东近岸海域表层沉积物重金属的空间分布、污染程度、生态风险和潜在来源,对粤东近岸海域153个表层沉积物样本中重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As）含量的分布特征进行分析,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对粤东近岸海域表层沉积物重金属污染状况和潜在生态危害程度进行评价,利用相关性分析和主成分分析方法,结合重金属排放特点解析了重金属污染物的主要来源。结果表明,7种重金属含量均不同程度超过了背景值,入海河口及其附近区域是重金属的主要富集区。地累积指数的评价结果显示,各重金属污染程度为Pb>Cu>Hg>Zn>Cr>As>Cd。潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明,粤东近岸海域表层沉积物重金属整体表现为中等程度的生态风险,Hg和Cd是主要的贡献因子,需加强监测。分析表明,粤东近岸海域表层沉积物中重金属主要来自电子垃圾拆解、化石燃料燃烧、涉重金属企业排放、农业生产活动和船舶排污。     

羧基化碳纳米管修饰电极伏安法测定湘江水样中间苯三酚

基于羧基化多壁碳纳米管(c-MWCNT)修饰玻碳电极,建立了无汞、高灵敏度测定痕量间苯三酚的新方法.利用循环伏安(CV)法、交流阻抗法(AC)对该修饰电极进行了表征;用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)研究了间苯三酚在修饰电极上的电化学行为.实验结果表明,在0.1 mol·L-1的磷酸缓冲液(pH 6.8)中,当间苯三酚在c-M...     

Female mate preference for a costly ornament in male guppies

Female mate preference for dorsal fin length in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was investigated. In a dichotomous choice experiment using live males, females preferred males with longer dorsal fins to those with shorter dorsal fins. When the dorsal fin lengths of the two males were reversed by surgical manipulation, the females reversed their preference. To further examine this preference behaviour, a second dichotomous choice experiment was conducted using digitally modified male images that differed only in dorsal fin lengths. In this next experiment, females preferred male images with a longer dorsal fin than those with a shorter dorsal fin. In order to clarify the cost of possessing a long dorsal fin for males, the effect of dorsal fin length on swimming performance of males was also examined with a flow chamber. Male swimming performance was enhanced by surgically shortening the dorsal fin. The result of this study suggests that the long dorsal fin of male guppies is a costly handicap that may have evolved due to female mate choice.     

Reaction hazards of triethylaluminum under closed conditions

We evaluate the reaction hazards of triethylaluminum (TEA) under closed conditions for safe treatment of aluminum alkyls. The explosive reactions of TEA are difficult to be estimated using thermal analysis because the estimate reactions are too slow under these conditions. The results of our closed vessel tests and chemical equilibrium calculations show that the TEA and water system mixture in closed conditions decomposes into lower-molecular-weight compounds than the products by using well-known hydrolysis of TEA. The present work also demonstrates that large temperature and pressure increases could occur because of the existence of TEA and aluminum hydroxide. Since aluminum hydroxide contains water as alumina hydrates, aluminum hydroxide could have been the source of water at high temperatures and could have contributed to the mixed reaction between TEA and water.     

全身正压生物防护服防护性能研究

为研究动力送风全身式正压生物防护服对人员的防护性能,采用标准方法检测正压生物防护服气密性和液体喷溅防护性能,连续监测穿着正压生物防护服活动时的内部正压值变化。采用微环境气溶胶密闭舱室平台,研究正压生物防护服对黏质沙雷氏菌(ATCC 8039)和phi-x174噬菌体气溶胶的整体防护性能。结果表明,正压生物防护服气密性和液体喷溅防护性能均达到气密型防护服和喷射液密防护服水平。对2种生物气溶胶的防护效率均在99.97%以上,且与送风量与环境湿度无关。正压生物防护服被人员穿着进行作业时,其内部能始终能保持大于16 Pa的正压。对该防护服防护性能的系统分析能全面评估类似防护服的整体防护性能,也为未来各类正压式防护服研发和防护性能研究提供技术参考。