餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵影响因素研究

用L9(34)正交试验法研究了温度、含固率、接种率和pH对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气量的影响,确定了考察因子的主次以及最优工艺条件,并针对影响较为显著的因素(温度、接种率和pH)进行了单因素验证试验。实验结果表明:在温度为55℃、pH值为7、接种率为30％、含固率为8％时,厌氧发酵产沼气的产率最大为633.8 mL/gVS...     

Parker��s sneak-guard model revisited: why do reproductively parasitic males heavily invest in testes?

Alternative reproductive tactics are widespread in males and may cause intraspecific differences in testes investment. Parker's sneak-guard model predicts that sneaker males, who mate under sperm competition risk, invest in testes relatively more than bourgeois conspecifics that have lower risk. Given that sneakers are much smaller than bourgeois males, sneakers may increase testes investment to overcome their limited sperm productivity because of their small body sizes. In this study, we examined the mechanism that mediates differential testes investment across tactics in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish Lamprologus callipterus. In the Rumonge population of Burundi, bourgeois males are small compared with those in other populations and have a body size close to sneaky dwarf males. Therefore, if differences in relative testis investment depend on sperm competition, the rank order of relative testis investment should be dwarf males?>?bourgeois males in Rumonge?=?bourgeois males in the other populations. If differences in relative testis investment depend on body size, the rank order of relative testes investment should be dwarf males?>?bourgeois males in Rumonge?>?bourgeois males in the other populations. Comparisons of relative testis investment among the three male groups supported the role of sperm competition, as predicted by the sneak-guard model. Nevertheless, the effects of absolute body size on testes investment should be considered to understand the mechanisms underlying intraspecific variation in testes investment caused by alternative reproductive tactics.     

二氧化硫加剧砷对小鼠肝脏的损伤

砷(As)与二氧化硫(SO_2)是两种分布极为广泛的环境污染物,二者皆对肝脏有一定毒性.SO_2排放的增加,使许多受到原生高As地下水影响的居民同时遭遇SO_2污染,因此,本文探讨了SO_2对As暴露致肝脏损伤的影响和机制.以C57BL/6小鼠为试验模型,设置对照组、As处理组、SO_2处理组及SO_2与As联合处理组,检测5 mg·m~(-3) SO_2和/或5 mg·L~(-1) As暴露对小鼠肝脏氧化应激指标、炎症信号通路及肝脏组织结构的影响.结果发现,饮水As暴露组小鼠产生氧化应激损伤,并激活炎症信号通路,导致小鼠肝脏损伤;As与SO_2联合组氧化应激水平高于As或SO_2单独暴露组,炎症信号通路NF-κB及STAT-3的关键因子显著上调表达,肝组织结构损伤加重.研究表明,SO_2会加重As暴露引发的肝脏氧化应激与炎性反应,两者间联合效应促进了肝脏组织结构的损伤.     

渗滤液中溶解性荧光有机物与铅的作用

采用荧光光谱和猝灭滴定实验,结合二维相关分析和区域体积积分分析,研究了生活垃圾渗滤液不同处理阶段样品中溶解性荧光有机物(DFOM)络合Pb(Ⅱ)的特性.结果显示:渗滤液中无机阴离子对Pb(Ⅱ)猝灭DFOM荧光影响较大,它们的存在致使Pb(Ⅱ)对DFOM的荧光猝灭效果不明显.在渗滤液DFOM的各种荧光基团中,Pb(Ⅱ)对类蛋白类物质的荧光猝灭效率高,而对类腐殖质物质的荧光猝灭效率低,这种猝灭特征不随渗滤液处理进行而改变;但Pb(Ⅱ)对调节池和厌氧处理中可溶性微生物降解副产物的荧光猝灭效率低而对氧化沟和MBR出水中DFOM的荧光猝灭效率高.分析结果表明,渗滤液DFOM中类蛋白物质络合Pb(Ⅱ)能力大于类腐殖质物质,经好氧生物处理后,可溶性微生物降解副产物络合Pb(Ⅱ)的能力有所提高.     

湖南东江湖表层沉积物重金属的空间分布、形态及生态风险

为全面了解东江湖重金属污染状况,于2021年9月对表层沉积物重金属含量和形态进行调查研究,对其污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（As）、ω（Cu）、ω（Zn）、ω（Ni）和ω（Cr）分别为：0.40~34.1、14.8~1688、6.99~1155、6.89~280、26.2~1739、6.29~55.4和23.3~44.8 mg ·kg^-1;空间分布极不均匀,Cd、Pb、As、Cu和Zn含量最大值均出现在毗邻瑶岗仙钨矿的站位.有效态金属所占比例较高,弱酸可提取态Cd占总量的46.7%~71.5%;可还原态Pb所占比例为46.8%~67.0%;虽然Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr均以残渣态为主要形态,但有效态占比分别为35%~68%、42%~72%、26%~51%和6%~30%.根据地累积指数I_geo,Cd普遍达到中度到重度污染程度,90%站位的Pb处于轻度及以上污染,30%站位的Zn、As和Cu处于轻度污染.潜在生态风险指数E_rⁱ显示,Cd存在较高及以上级别的潜在生态风险,其中80%调查站位的Cd具有极高的潜在生态风险;此外,毗邻瑶岗仙矿区的S7站位的As和Pb存在极高潜在生态风险,Cu存在中等潜在生态风险.综合潜在风险指数RI显示,所有调查站位均存在较高及以上程度的潜在生态风险,50%的调查站位存在极高的潜在生态风险.因此,东江湖表层沉积物存在严重的Cd、Pb、As、Cu和Zn等的复合重金属污染,生物有效性较高,存在很高的潜在生态风险.     

The impact of institutional factors on the performance of genuine savings

This study investigates institutional factors affecting the performance of genuine savings (GS), which are often used in assessing sustainable development, and adopts a model of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity in mean. We pay particular attention to the contribution of institutions to decrease the volatility level of the GS path. The estimation results show that there are two ways in which institutions affect GS performance. First, high quality of institutions enhances the GS level directly. Second, high quality of institutions enhances the GS level via stabilizing the volatility of the GS path. Considering both effects in their totality, institutional improvement plays an important role in realizing a sustainable development path.     

The effect of predation risk on post-copulatory sexual selection in the Japanese pygmy squid

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology - The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis predicts that behavior and physiology covary with life history. Evidence for such covariation is contradictory,...     

基于稳定碳同位素的济南市二元羧酸类SOA的污染特征与形成机制

为研究济南市冬季PM_2.5中二元羧酸类二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的来源、液相形成机制及影响因素,于2016年1-2月昼夜共采集46个PM_2.5样品,并对二元羧酸类SOA （包括二元羧酸、酮羧酸与α-二羰基化合物）与左旋葡聚糖的昼夜变化特征进行分析.研究结果表明,二元羧酸、α-二羰基化合物与左旋葡聚糖均呈昼低夜高的变化特征,而酮羧酸的昼夜变化特征与之相反.二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成特征以草酸（C₂）的浓度最高,其次是丁二酸（C₄）和丙二酸（C₃）,与受生物质燃烧较显著的二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成是相同的.C₂/总二元羧酸的浓度（TDACs）、甲基乙二醛（mGly）/乙二醛（Gly）、C₂/SO₄^2-比值的昼夜变化特征与稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C）的组成特征均表明济南市冬季夜晚气溶胶的氧化程度比白天深.C₂及其前体物（Gly、mGly）与SO₄^2-、相对湿度（RH）、液相水含量（LWC）与气溶胶的实际酸度（pH_is）的相关性均较强,表明C₂及其前体物是在液相中经酸催化氧化反应产生的.夜晚二元羧酸类化合物的δ¹³C值高于白天,且随着含碳量的升高二元羧酸的δ¹³C值随之降低.C₂的δ¹³C值随气溶胶的老化而偏正,这是由于同位素动力学效应（KIEs）导致的.