国内环境遥感监测指标验证方法研究进展

随着经济的快速发展,我国环境问题日益突出,环境治理已刻不容缓。卫星遥感技术的发展,为环境监测提供了有力的技术手段,并在环境监测领域发挥越来越重要的作用,在生态环境、水环境、大气环境等三个环境领域建立了环境遥感监测指标。然而,环境遥感监测指标验证工作相对较少,缺少规范化与标准化,未形成健全的验证体系。综述了目前国内具有代表性的环境监测指标验证方法,总结了验证中存在的问题,就其今后的发展方向,进行了有益的探讨。     

方法标准验证实验数据中离群值的识别

对方法标准验证实验中测量数据进行合格性审核,对于后续方法精密度计算是一个重要环节。文献中识别离群值的Grubbs法、Dixon法等经典方法有时不能满足要求。探讨了用稳健统计法识别离群值的可行性。基于2套文献数据和XRF方法标准验证实验精密度测量数据,对Grubbs法、Dixon法、Mandel h检验法、质控指标法和稳健统计法(四分位法、迭代法、合格数据范围判定法)进行了比较。结果表明:稳健统计法可有效识别离群值。但四分位法存在过度"检出"现象。综合考虑多种方法识别结果有利于提高离群值判定结论的可靠性。对于个别难以判断的情形,可借助质控指标、技术要求以及数据是否剔除对实验室间标准偏差的影响进行取舍。     

贵州红枫湖大冲小流域农业面源污染负荷特征研究

为揭示红枫湖汇水区农业面源污染物氮、磷、有机物输出的一般规律,以典型农业小流域为研究对象,自2010年1~12月,对流域降雨、流域出口的径流、TN、TP、CODcr浓度进行同步监测,并对流域内各个不同土地利用类型的产污负荷进行监测分析。结果表明,流域除TP外,其他指标严重超标;监测期间小流域径流量为414×105 m3,TN、TP、CODcr入湖总量分别为2 5467、856、10 8832 kg,其日均单位排放负荷分别为577、019 、1451 kg/(km2·d);在降雨丰富、农业生产活动频繁的6~10月,TN、TP、CODcr的含量都明显高于其他月份,分别占各自总量的94.8%、73.3%、94.3%;坡耕地、天然林、疏林地产生的TN、TP、CODcr污染负荷量分别为流域入湖污染总负荷的13.38%、13.29%、13.54%,稻田、蔬菜地径流中TN、TP、CODcr含量分别为0.84~10.32、0.07~0.18、20.50~68.00;2.16~7.54、0.01~0.04、4.50~22.40 mg/L。居民生活污水中TN、TP、CODcr含量分别为13.84~50.11、3.20~5.10、35.7~207.0 mg/L,蔬菜、水稻种植、居民生活污水及禽畜养殖对流域面源污染贡献大;大冲小流域面源污染负荷与径流间存在极强的相关性     

Control strategies of atmospheric mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in China

Atmospheric mercury (Hg) emission from coal is one of the primary sources of anthropogenic discharge and pollution. China is one of the few countries in the world whose coal consumption constitutes about 70% of total primary energy, and over half of coals are burned directly for electricity generation. Atmospheric emissions of Hg and its speciation from coal-fired power plants are of great concern owing to their negative impacts on regional human health and ecosystem risks, as well as long-distance transport. In this paper, recent trends of atmospheric Hg emissions and its species split from coal-fired power plants in China during the period of 2000-2007 are evaluated, by integrating each plant's coal consumption and emission factors, which are classified by different subcategories of boilers, particulate matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) control devices. Our results show that the total Hg emissions from coal-fired power plants have begun to decrease from the peak value of 139.19 t in 2005 to 134.55 t in 2007, though coal consumption growing steadily from 1213.8 to 1532.4 Mt, which can be mainly attributed to the co-benefit Hg reduction by electrostatic precipitators/fabric filters (ESPs/FFs) and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), especially the sharp growth in installation of WFGD both in the new and existing power plants since 2005. In the coming 12th five-year-plan, more and more plants will be mandated to install De-NO(x) (nitrogen oxides) systems (mainly selective catalytic reduction [SCR] and selective noncatalytic reduction [SNCR]) for minimizing NO(x) emission, thus the specific Hg emission rate per ton of coal will decline further owing to the much higher co-benefit removal efficiency by the combination of SCR + ESPs/FFs + WFGD systems. Consequently, SCR + ESPs/FFs + WFGD configuration will be the main path to abate Hg discharge from coal-fired power plants in China in the near future. However advanced specific Hg removal technologies are necessary for further reduction of elemental Hg discharge in the long-term.     

近50年江苏省夏季高温热浪的时空分布特征分析

根据江苏省1955-2007年7-9月逐日最高气温资料,分别以日最高气温≥35℃的高温天数、持续3d、5d的高温过程、平均最高气温为指标,建立了各站点的高温日数、高温强度的时间序列。分析发现,该省20世纪90年代中后期以来处于一个偏热期,苏州等城市近几年高温次数明显增加,而西南区域南京等城市夏季的最高气温则有下降趋势;同时,运用小波分析方法对该省高温时空分布的周期性进行了分析,结果表明,江苏省年平均最高温度变化中5～6a的周期振荡在各地区中反映得比较明显。     

Characterization of polychlorinated naphthalenes in stack gas emissions from waste incinerators

Nine typical waste incinerating plants were investigated for polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) contents in their stack gas. The incinerators investigated include those used to incinerate municipal solid, aviation, medical, and hazardous wastes including those encountered in cement kilns. PCNs were qualified and quantified by isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry techniques. An unexpectedly high concentration of PCNs (13,000 ng?Nm^?3) was found in the stack gas emitted from one waste incinerator. The PCN concentrations ranged from 97.6 to 874 ng?Nm^?3 in the other waste incinerators. The PCN profiles were dominated by lower chlorinated homologues, with mono- to tetra-CNs being the main homologues present. Furthermore, the relationships between PCNs and other unintentional persistent organic pollutants involving polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene were examined to ascertain the closeness or otherwise of their formation mechanisms. A good correlation was observed between ΣPCN (tetra- to octa-CN) and ΣPCDF (tetra- to octa-CDF) concentrations suggesting that a close relationship may exist between their formation mechanisms. The results would provide an improved understanding of PCN emissions from waste incinerators.     

杭州市主城区大气颗粒物的酸缓冲能力及来源解析

通过酸缓冲能力的测定实验,研究杭州市主城区大气颗粒物的酸缓冲能力,并利用二重源解析技术,解析了大气颗粒物中碱性组分的来源.结果表明,杭州市主城区大气颗粒物呈弱碱性,对降水酸度有一定的缓冲作用,但作用较小.总体而言,TSP与PM10的酸缓冲能力与其浓度呈负相关,但相关关系不明显,TSP的酸缓冲能力比PM10强.Ca是影响大气颗粒物酸缓冲能力的关键化学组分.TSP的酸缓冲能力主要来自建筑水泥尘.     

废钢破碎生产线经济效益分析

简要概述了破碎废钢在钢铁冶炼中所具有的优点,并就废钢破碎生产线的主要配置设备进行说明.以废钢破碎生产线为例进行了投资估算、生产成本费用估算、收益估算,通过分析得出,废钢破碎生产线投资回报率高,具有很好的市场前景,不仅可带来最大的经济效益,而且还可带来一定的社会效益,符合节能环保的社会要求和发展趋势.同时指出投资废钢破碎线产业可能存在的一些风险因素.     

废旧电冰箱聚氨酯硬质泡沫塑料回收处理技木研究

从废旧电冰箱聚氨酯硬泡塑料的回收、处理、资源化等方面阐述了国内外的研究技术现状.近年来我国电冰箱报废量剧增,聚氨酯硬泡塑料是电冰箱最主要的塑料品种,具有资源性和环境污染的双重特性.从循环经济和清洁生产的理念出发,提出我国进行废旧电冰箱聚氨酯硬泡塑料的回收处理处置,有利于促进我国可持续发展和建设“美丽中国”.     

基于熵值法新疆循环经济发展综合评价分析

根据循环经济理论,针对新疆循环经济的发展,从资源可承载能力、环境发展、社会经济发展三个方面考虑建立新疆循环经济发展的综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法对新疆10年循环经济的发展水平进行综合评价,进而提出了相应的措施,包括完善法律法规体系、加快产业结构调整、加大政策鼓励力度、促进产业集聚等.