克雷伯氏菌对三苯基锡的酶促降解特性

研究了肺炎克雷伯氏菌对三苯基锡(TPhT)的酶促降解性能,并对酶促反应影响因素的作用机制进行了探讨,以期为阐明有机锡的微生物降解机制提供实验依据.研究证明,菌体、分泌物和胞内降解酶均具有降解TPhT的能力,在30℃转速为130.rm in-1的摇床中避光处理2 h后,对3 mg.L-1TPhT的降解率分别为10.9%、5.3%和47.9%.影响因素实验表明,降解介质、pH、温度、TPhT浓度和金属离子均会对TPhT的酶促降解效果产生影响,其中TPhT酶促反应的最适pH和温度分别为8和50℃.Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+和Fe3+在合适的浓度范围内,均会促进TPhT的降解.当Mg2+的浓度为15 mg.L-1时,胞内酶对TPhT的降解率高达73.8%.金属离子的促进效果主要与其对酶的激活、作为电子受体或电子供体参与TPhT酶促降解等作用有关.TPhT的降解速率与其浓度呈现理想的线性关系.该反应的Vm ax和Km分别为0.15 mg.(L.m in)-1和47.1 mg.L-1.     

Sorption of tetracycline to sediments and soils: assessing the roles of pH, the presence of cadmium and properties of sediments and soils

Batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption behavior of tetracycline (TC, H₃L) on sediments and soils in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd), as affected by pH and properties of sediments and soils. The results indicated stronger nonlinearity and higher capacity of TC sorption on sediments than on soils. Sorption of TC also strongly depended on environmental factors and sediment/soil properties. Lower pH facilitated TC sorption through a cation exchange mechanism, which also took place at pH values above 5.5, where TC existed as a zwitterion (H₂L⁰) or anions (HL⁻ and L²⁻). When pH was above 7, however, ligand-promoted dissolution of TC might occur due to TC weakening the Al-O bond of aluminum oxide and the Fe-O bond of iron oxide. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a more important role in TC sorption than cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay contents. The presence of Cd (II) increased TC sorption on both sediments and soils, which resulted from the decrease of equilibrium solution pH caused by Cd²⁺ exchange with H⁺ ions of sediment/soil surfaces. The increase of TC sorption was also related to the formation of TC-Cd complexes, where Cd²⁺ acted as a bridge between the sediment/soil and TC.     

石灰和混凝沉淀相结合处理含SO42-和F-矿井水

采用石灰和混凝沉淀相结合的方法去除含SO42-和F-矿井水,并对去除机理及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：石灰沉淀的最佳处理条件为石灰乳浓度5%,投加比20：1,沉淀平衡时间为6h;混凝沉淀的最佳条件为PAC溶液浓度25%,用量2 mL/100 mL,沉淀平衡时间为20 min,pH值6～8,温度20℃。处理后,SO42-脱除率大于91.0%,SO42-含量小于30 mg/L;F-脱除率大于78.5%,F-含量小于0.3 mg/L。     

北京夏季大气HONO的监测研究

在2007-08-14～2007-08-24期间,利用差分光学吸收光谱（DOAS）技术,对北京市大气中HONO、NO₂和O₃等污染物进行了连续监测,分析了HONO和NO₂的日变化特征,讨论了夜间直接排放对HONO来源的贡献,进行了24 h和夜间13 h HONO非均相反应形成与黑碳气溶胶（BC）和相对湿度（RH）等要素的相关分析.结果表明,HONO和NO₂均在01:00左右达到峰值,HONO的另一峰值浓度出现在06:00,比NO₂第2个峰值出现时间07:00早1 h;夜间（19:00～次日07:00）直接排放对HONO的贡献最大达到31.3％,出现在20:00,平均贡献为15％;夜间HONO_corr/NO₂比率与BC和RH具有非常明显的相关性,说明HONO的非均相生成速率与NO₂的浓度以及反应介质BC表面的吸附水的浓度即RH成正比,得到夜间HONO平均转化率(HONO/NO₂)为0.8%·h^-1;而且RH的增加对HONO的非均相形成有利,但是当RH>80%对反应也将产生抑制作用,通过对监测期间的个例分析也证实了这一假设.     

改进分段进水A/O生物脱氮工艺强化生物除磷

采用分段进水A/O中试处理系统处理低C/N生活污水.为实现同步脱氮除磷,对分段进水A/O工艺进行改进并对改进前后系统的脱氮除磷效率进行评价.改进前分段进水A/O工艺平均TN去除率为66.52%,TP去除率为29.74%;改进后的分段进水A/O工艺不仅可以稳定地实现同步脱氮除磷,在三段进水比为0.45∶0.35∶0.20时,系统平均TP去除率达89.81%,且由于反硝化除磷的强化节省部分碳源,TN去除率达73.61%,比改进前提高7.09%.为验证不同阶段聚磷菌及反硝化聚磷菌在系统内的选择增殖情况,试验对不同运行阶段的活性污泥进行静态厌氧放磷、好氧及缺氧吸磷试验,结果表明,工艺经过改进后,聚磷菌及反硝化聚磷菌均得到较大程度地选择富集.采用改进工艺,污泥最大比好氧吸磷速率[P/(MLSS.t)]由2.34 mg/(g.h)提高到10.67 mg/(g.h),最大比缺氧吸磷速率由0.33 mg/(g.h)提高到2.81 mg/(g.h).     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation on arsenic (As) accumulation by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

under As stress, proper mechanisms are employed by AM fungi to protect tobacco against As uptake. Results confirm that AM fungi can play an important role in food quality and safety.     

Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

中国机动车行驶里程分布规律

机动车行驶里程是计算机动车尾气排放量的一个重要参数.对全国数百个地级及以上城市不同车龄的机动车(包括轻型客车、公交车、出租车和摩托车)行驶里程进行了调查.结果表明:除公交车外,其他机动车的累积行驶里程均随车龄而呈现对数递减性,即车龄越长机动车的累积行驶里程增加越慢,年使用率越小;某类型机动车车队的年均行驶里程与调查基准年的各车龄机动车的保有量相关;提出了轻型客车年行驶里程和车龄的经验公式,并得到2007年轻型客车的年均行驶里程为2.691×104km.     

Acidibility established as a characteristic of high strength organic wastewater quality

Acidification processes of the alcohol wastewater on molasses and the sugar-peptone manual make-up water were studied to determine their acidification capability. The two types of wastewater were both diluted into serial gradient dilutions and acidified separately. The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and were detected daily until acidification reached a maximum state. The degraded COD in each dilution, which were considered as degraded VFAs and analyzed. The ratio of the sum of produced VFAs and degraded VFAs to the initial COD of dilutions was defined as acidibility (V/C). It showed that within a large concentration extent, the V/C values were consistent for different dilutions of each wastewater. Thus acidibility becomes a characteristic of high strength organic wastewater quality. The acidibility of the alcohol wastewater on molasses was analyzed to be 0.71, and the acidibility of sugar-peptone manual make-up water was 0.76. In a practicable view, it is meaningful to set up acidibility as a new water quality index, which can be used to guide the design of acidification technique in various high concentration organic wastewater treatment practices.     

应用ADP对虎门洪季悬沙浓度的观测研究

文章根据ADP(声学多普勒流速剖面仪)的声学观测原理,用2004年虎门洪季大潮期间的水流、泥沙观测资料,分析ADP应用于悬沙浓度观测的可行性,经过声强信号校正和浓度拟合分析,得到虎门深槽C站悬沙浓度的估测式。结果显示,悬沙浓度垂线拟合程度高于同层拟合,总体能达到精度要求。进一步对C站的浓度分析表明,尽管泥沙颗粒较细,浓度大小和垂线分布的变化仍然明显滞后于水流,不同涨落时段浓度剖面滞后规律不一样,上、下水层浓度时间变化也不尽相同,特别是转流时段下层浓度增加,浓度值在高高潮后的落憩附近达到了周期内最大。因此对潮汐河口悬沙运动的深入分析和模拟研究必须考虑泥沙运动的滞后因素和转流时紊动结构的变化才能更符合实际。