报废弹药烧毁作业环境废气污染治理研究

报废弹药销毁作业中,需要对大量的炸药及火工品进行烧毁,存在比较严重的环境污染问题.通过研究被烧毁弹药的结构、性能、组成和特点,系统分析了烧毁过程中所产生污染物的成分.根据各有害气体、重金属粉尘的特性分别确立了相应的治理方法,并对现行的烧毁炉烧毁和野外烧毁作业设计了环境污染综合治理工艺.     

清洁生产治理水泥工业污染的特征和资源利用趋势

结合本地区开展清洁生产的实际,分析水泥工业大气污染物排放的关键工序,采取加大技术进步,保护环境和资源综合利用的主要措施,以实现水泥工业的可持续发展.     

冶金行业战略环境评价的公众参与架构初探

阐明公众参与的重要性,指出传统环境影响评价制度的公众参与机制的缺失,在此基础上,引人公共政策的公众参与有效决策模型,对冶金行业战略环境评价的公众参与机制进行初步探讨.研究表明,公众参与有效决策模型的引入,能够有力地推动冶金行业战略环境评价公众参与的有效性.     

地下多层交通枢纽多灾种安全的模糊综合评价

为了保证城市地下交通枢纽中人员财产的安全,有必要对其进行风险评价.在多种评价方法中,选择模糊综合评价法来识别地下交通枢纽安全水平.基于模糊综合评价法的原理,构建了地下多层交通枢纽多灾种安全等级的评估模型.进而,针对北京市西直门地下多层交通枢纽的多灾种安全进行了工程实例分析.在评价过程中,建立了适用于地下交通枢纽的火灾、炸弹和生化恐怖袭击、水灾、地震灾害等4种主要火害的安全评价指标体系,利用层次分析获得了体系中各级评价指标的权重,通过判断矩阵和指标权重得到了指标的隶属度,最终确定了该交通枢纽的灾害风险评价等级,从而验证了模糊综合评价法的有效性和可行性.     

二氧化氯溶液脱除1,2,4-三氯苯的试验研究

通过模拟实际烟气,在液相鼓泡反应器中对1,2,4-三氯苯进行脱除试验研究.采用亚氯酸盐法制备了氧化剂ClO2,自行设计并安装了液相鼓泡反应装置.结果表明,ClO2溶液初始pH值、反应温度、1,2,4-三氯苯初始浓度等对1,2,4-三氯苯的脱除效率影响较大.在适宜条件下,1,2,4-三氯苯的脱除效率达到90%以上;反应的主要中间产物为丁二酸.     

Markov reliability model research of monitoring process in digital main control room of nuclear power plant

Monitoring process is an important part in a high safety digital main control room of nuclear power plant (NPP), it is the source extracted information and found abnormal information in time. As the human factors events arisen from monitoring process recently take place more and more frequent, the authors propose a reliability Markov model to effectively decrease these abnormal events. The model mainly analyzes next monitoring object probability in terms of current information and plant state. The authors divide digital human–machine interface into two parts that are referred as logical homogeneous Markov and logical heterogeneous Markov. For the former, a series of methods of probability evaluation are proposed, such as, Markov transition probability with condition, probability distributed function with human factors, system state and alarm; for the latter, the authors propose the calculation of probability of correlation degree between last time and next time and probability calculation methods with multi-father nodes. The methods can effectively estimate the transition probability from a monitoring component to next monitoring component at time t, can effectively analyze which information is more important in next monitoring process and effectively find more useful information in time t + 1, so that the human factors events in monitoring process can greatly be decreased.     

砷矿区植物对重金属的吸收和富集特征

通过野外调查研究了云南楚雄雨露砷矿区采矿、冶炼废弃地生长的16种优势植物的生长状态及其对应根区土壤的基本理化性质.结果表明,该矿区植物长势良好,未出现受害症状.土壤磷氮含量充足,As含量远远超过《土壤环境质量标准》3级标准中的旱地As含量标准值,高达133倍.16种植物的地上部重金属含量As最高,并且在总As平均质量比高达5 318 mg/kg的土壤环境条件下,蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)体内As质量比可达2 327 mg/kg,小酸模(Rumex acetosella L.)、辣子草(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)等7种植物对Cd,以及牛口刺(Cirsium shansiense Petrak.)对Zn的富集系数和转移系数均大于1.0,其中地石榴对Cd的富集系数高达7.99.上述植物对重金属污染均表现出了较强的耐性,具有进一步的研究潜力.     

3种抗生素对热带爪蟾胚胎发育的毒性影响

由抗生素在畜牧养殖业中的滥用造成的水环境污染问题及其对水生生物的毒害作用日益受到关注.用0.5～ 1.5 g/L的氯霉素(Chloramphenicol)、红霉素(Erythromycin)和0.01 ～ 0.5 g/L的四环素(Tetracycline)对热带爪蟾(Xenopus tropicalis)胚胎进行72 h暴露.结果表明,1.25 g/L和1.5 g/L的氯霉素使胚胎存活率分别下降了7％和14％,红霉素对胚胎存活无明显影响,0.5 g/L四环素导致胚胎全部死亡.1.5 g/L的氯霉素和红霉素使胚胎体长分别减少了7％和9％,0.25 g/L的四环素使胚胎体长减少了4％.3种抗生素能引起围心腔水肿、泄殖腔增大或拉长、肛门扩张和尾部弯曲等多种畸形现象,1.5g/L的氯霉素造成的总畸形率和围心腔水肿率分别为44％和34％;1.5 g/L的红霉素造成的总畸形率和泄殖腔增大率分别为22％和20％;0.25 g/L四环素造成的总畸形率和肛门扩张率分别为75％和59％.3种抗生素对热带爪蟾胚胎的发育毒性从大到小为四环素、氯霉素、红霉素.     

Distribution pattern, behavior, and fate of antibacterials in urban aquatic environments in South China

Occurrence, behavior and fate of several groups of antibacterials were investigated in municipal wastewater, sewage sludge, and urban river water in China. Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin), macrolides (dehydroerythromycin, roxithromycin, and clarithromycin), sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine) and trimethoprim were ubiquitously detected in the wastewater in China. Fluoroquinolones were generally the most abundant in the raw sewage, with a maximum concentration of up to 6415 ng L(-1) observed for norfloxacin. Sulfonamides and macrolides transported predominantly in the aqueous phase. A median percentage of 67% of sulfonamides and 86% of macrolides remained in the final effluent after treatment in sewage treatment plants. On the contrary, sorption played a significant role in transport of fluoroquinolones and approximately half of the fluoroquinolones finally ended up and persisted in the dewatered sludge. In the urban section of the Pearl River at Guangzhou, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and macrolides were widely present at median concentrations of 22-735 ng L(-1), whereas fluoroquinolones were only occasionally detected at 2-152 ng L(-1), probably due to their strong tendency of partition to sediment and/or photodegradability. The result of principal components analysis suggests input of non-sewage derived sulfamethazine in the Pearl River. Seasonal variations of the antibacterials distribution in the wastewater are mainly ascribed to different consumption. Dilution effect by precipitation, however, also plays an important role in seasonal distribution of the antibacterials in the Pearl River.     

Characteristics of particulate matter pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China: an observational-based analysis of two monitoring sites

Two-year monitoring data (2006 and 2009), collected at the sub-urban site (WQS) and the background site (TH), were used to study the characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Similar levels of PM(2.5) concentration measured at both sites seem to confirm that the fine particles have emerged as a major regional pollution issue. The seasonal variation of PM(2.5) concentration is associated with the regional monsoon circulations while the diurnal variation is related to land-sea breeze, traffic emissions and boundary layer development. Negative correlation was found in PM(2.5)-wind speed and PM(2.5)-humidity. Analysis of radiation, temperature and ozone suggests the existence of secondary aerosol formation. Transport effect may be another contributing factor to high PM pollution in the region, such as occasional long-distance dust intrusion and trans-boundary effects from upwind areas.