在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法检测水中14种有机磷酸酯

与传统固相萃取耗时长、工作量大、有机溶剂使用量多相比,本文建立了一种在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱方法同时测定地表水中14种有机磷酸酯的新方法.地表水样过膜后,直接注入在线固相萃取净化装置,经净化后进入分离柱分离,用乙腈和0.1%的甲酸水溶液梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测模式,对14种有机磷酸酯类化合物进行检测,内标法定量.该方法分析时长13.0 min,方法的线性相关系数R~20.98,地表水和自来水样品的加标回收率在64.8%—113%,相对标准偏差RSD在1.2%—9.3%,检出限为0.1—2.7 ng·L~(-1).与常规方法相比,该方法提高了分析通量和灵敏度,准确度好,操作简便,适用于地表水和自来水中有机磷酸酯的检测.     

天津市地表水体与沉积物中7种高关注酚类化合物的污染特征与生态风险分析

为探究地表水体与沉积物中酚类化合物的污染分布特征和生态风险,选择天津市3个水源地与6条主要河流,采集了26个地表水样与6个沉积物样品,利用固相萃取与超声萃取、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定了水样及沉积物中1-萘酚(1-naphthol)、壬基酚(nonylphenol, NP)、双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)、2-苯基苯酚(biphenyl-2-ol)、3,4-二氯酚(3,4-dichlorophenol)、四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA)和对叔丁基苯酚(p-tert-butylphenol, PTBP)等7种高关注酚类化合物的浓度水平,并应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution, SSD)法和熵值法(ecological risk quotient, RQ)评估7种酚类化合物水环境和沉积物的生态风险。结果表明,地表水样中7种酚类化合物均全部检出;其中壬基酚的检出浓度最高,其次为四溴双酚A、对叔丁基苯酚、1-萘酚、2-苯基苯酚、3,4-二氯酚和双酚A。沉积物中酚类化合物的污染分布规律与水样相似,除双酚A外的目标物全部检出。其中,壬基酚浓度比其他物质浓度高2个数量级。风险评估结果显示,壬基酚对水环境与沉积物存在不可接受的风险;而四溴双酚A、对叔丁基苯酚、1-萘酚、2-苯基苯酚、3,4-二氯酚和双酚A则对环境具有较低风险或者存在一定的风险。     

Sulfur cycle as an electron mediator between carbon and nitrate in a constructed wetland microcosm

• Fe(III) accepted the most electrons from organics, followed by NO₃^‒, SO₄^2‒, and O₂. • The electrons accepted by SO₄^2‒ could be stored in the solid AVS, FeS₂-S, and S⁰. • The autotrophic denitrification driven by solid S had two-phase characteristics. • A conceptual model involving electron acceptance, storage, and donation was built. • S cycle transferred electrons between organics and NO₃^‒ with an efficiency of 15%. A constructed wetland microcosm was employed to investigate the sulfur cycle-mediated electron transfer between carbon and nitrate. Sulfate accepted electrons from organics at the average rate of 0.84 mol/(m³·d) through sulfate reduction, which accounted for 20.0% of the electron input rate. The remainder of the electrons derived from organics were accepted by dissolved oxygen (2.6%), nitrate (26.8%), and iron(III) (39.9%). The sulfide produced from sulfate reduction was transformed into acid-volatile sulfide, pyrite, and elemental sulfur, which were deposited in the substratum, storing electrons in the microcosm at the average rate of 0.52 mol/(m³·d). In the presence of nitrate, the acid-volatile and elemental sulfur were oxidized to sulfate, donating electrons at the average rate of 0.14 mol/(m³·d) and driving autotrophic denitrification at the average rate of 0.30 g N/(m³·d). The overall electron transfer efficiency of the sulfur cycle for autotrophic denitrification was 15.3%. A mass balance assessment indicated that approximately 50% of the input sulfur was discharged from the microcosm, and the remainder was removed through deposition (49%) and plant uptake (1%). Dominant sulfate-reducing (i.e., Desulfovirga, Desulforhopalus, Desulfatitalea, and Desulfatirhabdium) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (i.e., Thiohalobacter, Thiobacillus, Sulfuritalea, and Sulfurisoma), which jointly fulfilled a sustainable sulfur cycle, were identified. These results improved understanding of electron transfers among carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles in constructed wetlands, and are of engineering significance.     

Magnetotactic bacteria: Characteristics and environmental applications

• Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize magnetic nanoparticle within magnetosomes. • The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were summarized. • Isolation and mass cultivation of MTB deserve extensive research for applications. • MTB can remove heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants from wastewater. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative prokaryotes that respond to the geomagnetic field. This unique property is attributed to the intracellular magnetosomes, which contains membrane-bound nanocrystals of magnetic iron minerals. This review summarizes the most recent advances in MTB, magnetosomes, and their potential applications especially the environmental pollutant control or remediation. The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were first introduced, followed by a critical review of isolation and cultivation methods. Past research has devoted to optimize the factors, such as oxygen, carbon source, nitrogen source, nutrient broth, iron source, and mineral elements for the growth of MTB. Besides the applications of MTB in modern biological and medical fields, little attention was made on the environmental applications of MTB for wastewater treatment, which has been summarized in this review. For example, applications of MTB as adsorbents have resulted in a novel magnetic separation technology for removal of heavy metals or organic pollutants in wastewater. In addition, we summarized the current advance on pathogen removal and detection of endocrine disruptor which can inspire new insights toward sustainable engineering and practices. Finally, the new perspectives and possible directions for future studies are recommended, such as isolation of MTB, genetic modification of MTB for mass production and new environmental applications. The ultimate objective of this review is to promote the applications of MTB and magnetosomes in the environmental fields.     

High heterogeneity of bacterioplankton community shaped by spatially structured environmental factors in West Lake,a typical urban lake in eastern China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Elucidating the bacterioplankton spatial distribution patterns and its determinants is a central topic in ecological research. However, research on...     

地震波斜入射下土质边坡的稳定性分析*

地震诱发的边坡失稳是重要的地质灾害类型之一,数值方法是对地震边坡进行分析的一项重要工具。基于黏弹性人工边界,通过将地震记录转化为等效地震荷载实现地震波在场地中的施加;并采用Mohr?Coulomb准则模拟土体的非线性特征。根据非线性有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了双面边坡的数值模型,通过分析地震波在不同角度入射下不同坡角边坡的地震响应,讨论了地震波入射角以及边坡坡角对破坏的影响。结果表明,地震波入射角和边坡形状改变了地震波在坡体内的传播规律,因此影响了边坡的破坏。随着地震波入射角的增加,靠近波源一侧坡面的滑动位移和滑动区域逐渐增加,而远离波源一侧的滑动位移和滑动区域逐渐减小。边坡坡度的增加引起坡面危害的逐渐加剧。本文讨论了不同尺寸边坡在不同地震作用下的破坏规律,从而为地震诱发边坡的失稳破坏提供了理论支撑,具有重要的现实工程意义。     

桩基础影响下既有地铁隧道截面内力计算研究∗

城市已建地铁隧道的保护是目前市政建设中需要考虑的重要问题之一,针对非挤土桩和挤土桩两种桩型新建桩基础影响下既有地铁隧道的截面内力计算展开研究。采用"二阶段"法研究思想,首先基于桩基础荷载传递法、Mindlin位移解及柱孔扩张理论,分别计算得到非挤土桩和挤土桩在隧道截面位置处产生的土体位移。之后,将隧道衬砌简化为环形弹性地基梁模型,同时考虑土体抗力的影响,并将土体位移施加到环形地基梁模型,从而得到2种桩型引起的隧道衬砌截面的内力分布。研究过程中将理论结果与既有土工离心机试验进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:①计算方法得到的衬砌内力与既有文献土工离心式试验值差别不大且趋势一致,验证了计算方法的合理性;②挤土桩施工引起的隧道弯矩最大值增量远大于非挤土桩在极限荷载时的增量;③隧道截面弯矩最大值位置与桩端-隧道圆心相对位置有直接关系,大约位于桩端-隧道圆心连线相交处。     

兽药抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展

抗生素是环境中普遍存在的污染物,畜牧水产养殖是其主要来源之一.环境中可能同时存在多种抗生素残留,因此单一药物的毒性评价难以反映抗生素对生态环境的影响,应探究其混合物的毒性效应.本文在总结大量文献的基础上,介绍了兽用抗生素的残留现状,总结了兽用抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展,讨论了兽用抗生素残留对土壤生物和水生生物的...     

武汉汉阳地区城市集水区尺度降雨径流污染过程与排放特征

2005年4月至8月对武汉市汉阳地区十里铺集水区进行了8次径流污染过程的水量、水质研究.结果表明,城市集水区尺度径流污染过程是降雨径流对整个集水区地表、排水系统中累积污染物的冲刷、携带过程,受集水区累积污染物数量、污染物可冲刷性和降雨径流特征的共同影响.城市降雨径流中初期污染物浓度显著高于后期,污染物浓度的峰值提前于径流的峰值,具有明显的初期冲刷效应.8次监测结果的算术平均值,初期5 mm、10 mm和15 mm降雨径流中TSS的负荷分别占总负荷的48%、68%和78%.初期径流中TSS的负荷与晴天累积天数呈线性正相关关系.