以吡啶和葡萄糖为燃料的MFC产电特性研究

不同类型的有机物对MFC的产电性能有不同的影响,通过构建填料型MFC,以吡啶和葡萄糖为混合燃料,以铁氰化钾为电子受体,对有机物在MFC中的降解以及产电性进行研究.结果表明,外阻为1 000Ω的条件下,MFC的最大输出电压随着葡萄糖浓度的降低而降低,当吡啶初始浓度为500 mg/L,葡萄糖浓度分别为500、250、100 mg/L时,运行周期逐渐缩短,分别为49.5、25.7、25.2 h;最大体积功率密度为48.5、36.2、15.2 W/m3,最高电压为623 mV.MFC可实现对吡啶的高效降解,24h内吡啶去除率高达95%,但葡萄糖的浓度对吡啶的降解速率影响不大;高浓度吡啶存在的条件下对MFC利用葡萄糖产电的性能影响不大.利用500 mg/L单一吡啶作为MFC的燃料时,无明显产电现象.MFC利用吡啶和葡萄糖作为混合燃料时,可以在实现吡啶降解的同时稳定地向外输出电能.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation on arsenic (As) accumulation by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

under As stress, proper mechanisms are employed by AM fungi to protect tobacco against As uptake. Results confirm that AM fungi can play an important role in food quality and safety.     

Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

中国机动车行驶里程分布规律

机动车行驶里程是计算机动车尾气排放量的一个重要参数.对全国数百个地级及以上城市不同车龄的机动车(包括轻型客车、公交车、出租车和摩托车)行驶里程进行了调查.结果表明:除公交车外,其他机动车的累积行驶里程均随车龄而呈现对数递减性,即车龄越长机动车的累积行驶里程增加越慢,年使用率越小;某类型机动车车队的年均行驶里程与调查基准年的各车龄机动车的保有量相关;提出了轻型客车年行驶里程和车龄的经验公式,并得到2007年轻型客车的年均行驶里程为2.691×104km.     

Acidibility established as a characteristic of high strength organic wastewater quality

Acidification processes of the alcohol wastewater on molasses and the sugar-peptone manual make-up water were studied to determine their acidification capability. The two types of wastewater were both diluted into serial gradient dilutions and acidified separately. The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and were detected daily until acidification reached a maximum state. The degraded COD in each dilution, which were considered as degraded VFAs and analyzed. The ratio of the sum of produced VFAs and degraded VFAs to the initial COD of dilutions was defined as acidibility (V/C). It showed that within a large concentration extent, the V/C values were consistent for different dilutions of each wastewater. Thus acidibility becomes a characteristic of high strength organic wastewater quality. The acidibility of the alcohol wastewater on molasses was analyzed to be 0.71, and the acidibility of sugar-peptone manual make-up water was 0.76. In a practicable view, it is meaningful to set up acidibility as a new water quality index, which can be used to guide the design of acidification technique in various high concentration organic wastewater treatment practices.     

应用ADP对虎门洪季悬沙浓度的观测研究

文章根据ADP(声学多普勒流速剖面仪)的声学观测原理,用2004年虎门洪季大潮期间的水流、泥沙观测资料,分析ADP应用于悬沙浓度观测的可行性,经过声强信号校正和浓度拟合分析,得到虎门深槽C站悬沙浓度的估测式。结果显示,悬沙浓度垂线拟合程度高于同层拟合,总体能达到精度要求。进一步对C站的浓度分析表明,尽管泥沙颗粒较细,浓度大小和垂线分布的变化仍然明显滞后于水流,不同涨落时段浓度剖面滞后规律不一样,上、下水层浓度时间变化也不尽相同,特别是转流时段下层浓度增加,浓度值在高高潮后的落憩附近达到了周期内最大。因此对潮汐河口悬沙运动的深入分析和模拟研究必须考虑泥沙运动的滞后因素和转流时紊动结构的变化才能更符合实际。     

稀土元素对包头引黄水库水中藻类的影响研究

为探明包头引黄水库藻类高发的原因,按标准方法进行藻类培养试验,研究稀土元素Ce对水库水体中藻类的影响。结果表明稀土元素Ce对藻的种类和生物多样性有抑制作用;低浓度(1mg/L)Ce对藻类个体总数具有明显的刺激作用,优势藻种为绿藻;高浓度(20mg/L)Ce对藻类的数量有抑制作用;低浓度稀土元素对藻类的刺激作用可能是包头引黄水库水体富营养化的影响因素之一。     

污水厂出水DOM的分级及三卤甲烷生成势研究

研究目的在于调查寒冷季节城市污水处理厂出水中天然有机物化学组分分级,探讨各分级组分与消毒副产物生成潜能间之关系。采集污水厂二级出水,以三种不同树脂把污水厂出水中有机物分离成六类不同组分,其中A水厂含量最高的物质为亲水酸性物质(33%)而B水厂的疏水性中性物质含量最多约占总有机物的64%。从总体来看两水厂的疏水性物质含量大于亲水性物质含量,疏水性物质的三卤甲烷生成势也较大,是水体中消毒副产物的主要前驱物质。疏水性有机物质较多,代表受生活污水污染严重,得知该城市污水主要受民生污染较多。     

臭氧生物活性炭工艺深度处理微污染原水

以广州东江水源为原水,研究了臭氧生物活性炭深度处理工艺对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:实验期间炭滤出水高锰酸盐指数、NH4+-N、NO2--N和浊度指标平均值分别为1.09mg/L、0.04mg/L、0.003mg/L和0.42ntu,平均去除率达65.34%、96.03%、98.24%和96.33%。所测项目相对于国家新颁布的《生活饮用水卫生标准》(5479-2006)达标率为100%。     

苏州河沉积物中的PCDD/Fs研究

用酶联免疫检测方法对苏州河沉积物PCDD/Fs进行分析,结果表明,PCDD/Fs水平在3.6～13.7TEQpg/gdw之间(平均值为8.4TEQpg/gdw)。PCDD/Fs含量的空间分布差异较大,中游含量高于上游和下游。对柱状沉积物的分析显示,沉积物PCDD/Fs含量在9.0～18.8TEQpg/gdw之间(平均值为13.8TEQpg/gdw),1996年前后达到峰值。通过对苏州河PCDD/Fs组成模式进行主分量分析发现,河流沉积物的PCDD/Fs为混合来源,其中污水排放的贡献较大。