基于快速聚类方法分析常州市区PM2.5的统计特性

运用统计方法研究常州市区2013~2014年6个国控点六项基本污染物(SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))月平均浓度变化,结果表明,除O_3外,其它五项污染物月平均浓度夏季较低冬季较高.颗粒物与风速之间的关系为PM_(2.5)浓度随风速的升高一直降低,PM_(10)随风速的升高浓度先降低后升高.采用快速聚类分析(k-means)并运用SWV和DIV指数对六项基本污染物进行分类,得到4个样本分类.与依据颗粒物化学成分或粒径谱对PM进行源解析方法不同,本研究更多是从PM_(2.5)与其它污染物相关关系以及污染程度等角度按照欧式距离进行分类.不同类中PM_(2.5)来源明显不同,类1中PM_(2.5)与化石燃料燃烧排放密切相关,类2与O_3密切相关,类3与城市不完全燃烧排放、区域灰霾污染密切相关,类4可以归类于城市"背景"类.快速聚类分析结果也表明常州市区PM_(2.5)有着复杂的来源.     

Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium nanoparticles

Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium （Pd） nanoparticles was studied for the first time. The effects of Pd loading, dye concentration and reuse repetitions of membranes were investigated. In reduction, the dye concentration decreased whereas the pH rose gradually. An optimal Pd loading was found. The catalytic membranes were able to be reused more than 3 times.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic groups differ in affecting host plants along heavy metal levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are important components of soil microbial communities,and play important role in plant growth. However, the effects of AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） on host plant under various heavy metal levels are not clear. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to compare symbiotic relationship between AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） and host plant functional groups（herbs vs. trees, and non-legumes vs. legumes） at three heavy metal levels. In the meta-analysis, we calculate the effect size（ln（RR）） by taking the natural logarithm of the response ratio of inoculated to non-inoculated shoot biomass from each study. We found that the effect size of Glomeraceae increased, but the effect size of non-Glomeraceae decreased under high level of heavy metal compared to low level. According to the effect size, both Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae promoted host plant growth, but had different effects under various heavy metal levels. Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than non-Glomeraceae did under heavy metal condition, while non-Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than Glomeraceae did under no heavy metal. AMF phylogenetic groups also differed in promoting plant functional groups under various heavy metal levels.Interacting with Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under high heavy metal level, while trees and legumes grew better than herbs and non-legumes did under medium heavy metal level. Interacting with non-Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under no heavy metal. We suggested that the combination of legume with Glomeraceae could be a useful way in the remediation of heavy metal polluted environment.     

Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in the biofilms of typical bacteria by the sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy

A combined approach of physicochemical extraction and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure（XANES） spectroscopy was applied to characterize the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） of typical bacterial biofilms in this study. Physicochemical analysis showed variation of the contents of DNA,polysaccharide and protein in different fractions of EPS in different mediums. The sulfur K-edge XANES analysis yielded a variety of spectra.Spectral fitting of the XANES spectra utilizing a large set of model compounds showed that there was more reduced sulfur in both LB-EPS（loosely bound EPS） and TB-EPS（tightly bound EPS） of all the biofilms in LB medium than in R2 A medium. More oxidized sulfur was identified in LB-EPS than that in TB-EPS,suggesting different niches and physiological heterogeneity in the biofilms. Our results suggested that the sulfur K-edge XANES can be a useful tool to analyze the sulfur speciation in EPS of biofilms.     

煤炭企业环境成本核算及控制浅议

随着我国环境保护方面的法律法规逐步完善,以及公众对环保的日益重视,对煤炭环境成本进行核算十分必要.本文论述了煤炭企业环境成本核算的重要性,分析了煤炭企业现有成本核算存在问题,提出了完善煤炭企业环境成本核算的对策.     

汞污染农田土壤低温热解处理性能研究

选取贵州清镇地区汞污染农田土壤作为低温热解修复试验对象,研究处理温度、处理时间以及土壤含水率对低温热解法去除土壤汞效率的影响。同时采用连续浸提法对土样中7种形态的汞进行提取,分析热解升温过程中各形态汞的变化状况。结果表明:(1)处理温度越高,汞去除效率越大。当温度为350℃时,去除率达到90%以上。(2)处理时间越长,汞的去除率越高。处理持续时间为90min时,去除率达到90%。(3)土壤含水率越高,汞去除率越低。当风干时间10 d,土壤含水率13.8%时为处理土壤最佳条件。(4)7种形态的汞随温度升高均下降显著,当温度达到350℃时,处理后土样中水溶态和交换态已完全去除,其他形态的去除率也均达到90%以上,土样中最终以残渣态汞为主,环境风险小。     

秸秆生物炭还田对围垦盐碱土壤的低碳化改良

利用芦苇秸秆和其生物炭还田改良围垦盐碱土壤。通过盆栽实验,从改良后土壤的脱盐率、植物的生长情况和生物量以及土壤呼吸和有土壤机碳含量等方面研究和比较了芦苇及其生物炭还田对围垦盐碱土壤的改良效应以及对土壤碳收支的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆和秸秆生物炭改良后土壤的含盐量显著低于空白对照,两者改良后的植物总收获量(干重)基本相同,均显著高于未改良的空白对照,但生物炭还田改良后的土壤呼吸强度显著低于秸秆直接还田,改良后其土壤有机碳含量也高于后者以及空白对照。高度稳定的生物炭还田能有效抵抗微生物的分解作用,因此其土壤微生物总量低于秸秆直接还田,从而导致土壤异养微生物活性较弱,使得生物炭中的碳得以在土壤中长期保存,增加了土壤有机碳含量,降低了土壤呼吸,是一种较低碳的秸秆还田措施。     

基于物联网的水环境监测及分析系统

基于物联网的水环境监测及分析系统集传感器、测控、通信、计算机应用、地理信息系统等技术为一体,实现了"测得准、传得快、说得清、管得好"的总体目标,可为水环境管理、水功能区管理、污染物减排和总量控制提供科学依据。系统可方便接入其他业务系统,实现资源共享,提高环保部门环境监察、管理能力,增强应对突发性污染事故快速反应能力,满足环境监测和环境管理的业务需求。     

混凝气浮+SBR处理再生花炮纸工艺废水的应用

采用混凝气浮+SBR处理年产1万t再生花炮纸工艺废水,对SS、CODCr、BOD5的处理效率分别为96.2%、96.2%、93.1%,最大日均值排放浓度分别为64mg/L、80.7mg/L、26mg/L,排放负荷分别为0.59kg/t、0.63kg/t、0.22 kg/t,均未超过标准限值的要求(pH范围为6.14-7.20);CODCr年排放总量5.4t小于20t/年;纸浆回收率92.0%、白水回用率94.4%、水循环利用率93.2%达标;实现"三排三率"六达标。