全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)免疫相关基因表达的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸盐(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)暴露对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)免疫功能的影响,在实验室条件下,运用RT-PCR方法分析了PFOS暴露对半滑舌鳎热休克蛋白hsp70、hsp90、C型凝集素(c-type lectin)和细胞色素c氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase, cox)等4种免疫相关基因表达水平的影响。实验测定了上述4种基因在半滑舌鳎肝、鳃、肠及肌肉4种不同组织中随时间(0、24 h、48 h、96 h和7 d)的表达变化情况。结果表明,在4种组织中,hsp70基因的表达与对照相比为上调,其中,肝组织hsp70基因的表达量显著高于其他各组织,且表达高峰值的出现也早于其他各组织;hsp90基因在肝和鳃组织中表达量随时间不同而波动,在肠组织中表达上调,在肌肉中表达显著下调;c-type lectin基因表达量与对照组相比表达显著下调或无明显差异;cox基因在肝组织和肠组织中表达下调,在鳃和肌肉中表达上调。上述研究结果表明,PFOS能引起免疫相关基因的表达变化,对半滑舌鳎具有潜在的免疫毒性。肝组织中各免疫基因对PFOS胁迫的响应高于其他组织。本研究可为阐明全氟辛烷磺酸盐对半滑舌鳎的免疫毒性提供基础数据。     

Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.     

Catalytic oxidation of CO over Pt/Fe3O4 catalysts: Tuning O2 activation and CO adsorption

• Strong metal-support interaction exists on Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts. • Pt metal particles facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies on Fe₃O₄. • Fe₃O₄ supports enhance the strength of CO adsorption on Pt metal particles. The self-inhibition behavior due to CO poisoning on Pt metal particles strongly impairs the performance of CO oxidation. It is an effective method to use reducible metal oxides for supporting Pt metal particles to avoid self-inhibition and to improve catalytic performance. In this work, we used in situ reductions of chloroplatinic acid on commercial Fe₃O₄ powder to prepare heterogeneous-structured Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts in the solution of ethylene glycol. The heterogeneous Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts achieved a better catalytic performance of CO oxidation compared with the Fe₃O₄ powder. The temperatures of 50% and 90% CO conversion were achieved above 260°C and 290°C at Pt/Fe₃O₄, respectively. However, they are accomplished on Fe₃O₄ at temperatures higher than 310°C. XRD, XPS, and H₂-TPR results confirmed that the metallic Pt atoms have a strong synergistic interaction with the Fe₃O₄ supports. TGA results and transient DRIFTS results proved that the Pt metal particles facilitate the release of lattice oxygen and the formation of oxygen vacancies on Fe₃O₄. The combined results of O₂-TPD and DRIFTS indicated that the activation step of oxygen molecules at surface oxygen vacancies could potentially be the rate-determining step of the catalytic CO oxidation at Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts. The reaction pathway involves a Pt-assisted Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism.     

间歇曝气序批式活性污泥法处理农村废水及其效果的模拟预测

采用两种不同运行模式的间歇曝气序批式活性污泥反应器(IASBR)处理农村废水,反应器连续稳定运行235d,考察了5个工况下,缺氧/好氧循环次数、进水碳氮比(C/N,质量比)、水力停留时间(HRT)等对总有机碳(TOC)、氨氮、TN、TP去除效果的影响。在进水C/N低时,缺氧/好氧循环次数为4的1~#IASBR的脱氮效率及稳定性明显比缺氧/好氧循环次数为2的2~#IASBR高,而脱碳和除磷效果无显著差异。氨氮去除方面,在进水C/N较低的工况1(C/N平均为2.3)、工况2(C/N平均为2.2)和工况4(C/N平均为2.0)下,1~#IASBR的出水氨氮质量浓度明显比2~#IASBR更低,而在进水C/N相对较高时两者无显著差异。TN去除与氨氮去除有类似规律。构建以进水TOC、氨氮、TN、TP、C/N和HRT、缺氧/好氧循环次数为输入的反向传播人工神经网络(BP-ANN)模型,对TOC、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率进行模拟预测,结果显示以上4个输出参数在训练组中的预测结果和实际检测结果之间绝对平均误差分别为2.65%、5.27%、3.56%、34.56%,在测试组中的预测结果和实际检测结果之间绝对平均误差分别为2.74%、3.40%、5.13%、28.32%。     

长期缺氧吸磷驯化下强化生物除磷系统污泥除磷方式的转化

采用交替厌氧/缺氧/好氧运行的序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR),通过梯度投加电子受体NO_3~-,考察长期缺氧吸磷驯化下强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统的性能及除磷方式的转化。结果表明,当进水COD为300～450mg/L、PO_4~(3-)(以P计,下同)和氨氮分别为8、14mg/L时,驯化期间TN去除率均保持在75%以上,长期缺氧吸磷驯化对COD和氨氮的去除没有影响。硝态氮投加量为5mg/L时,EBPR系统因电子受体投加不足除磷性能迅速恶化,增加硝态氮投加量至10mg/L,经过近30d的恢复,缺氧吸磷率最高可达97.67%,进一步提高硝态氮投加量至15mg/L,系统内硝态氮的积累导致缺氧吸磷率下降。污泥吸磷小试结果表明,经缺氧吸磷驯化后,即使除磷性能欠佳的低浓度电子受体系统污泥也具有良好的反硝化吸磷能力,可见经NO_3~-长期驯化的缺氧吸磷系统有利于筛选以NO_3~-为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌。     

基于VB6.0的供水管网震害预测方法和软件

为了提高供水管网震害预测的效率,修订了现有供水管网震害预测模型,应用Visual Basic 6.0软件平台,开发了供水管网震害预测软件。震害预测软件提供了两方面的预测功能,分别为不同地震烈度下供水管段基于三态的破坏等级预测和供水管网基于五态的破坏等级预测。软件实现了批量供水管段及整个管网的震害预测,且可以进行管网在设定地震下的震害预测,提高了预测效率。经算例分析,验证了软件的可靠性。     

考虑黏结性退化的锈蚀PC梁抗弯承载力计算方法∗

钢绞线锈蚀降低了其与混凝土间的黏结性,导致钢绞线与其周围混凝土间的变形不协调,影响预应力混凝土梁的抗弯性能。采用快速锈蚀试验得到了不同锈蚀程度的16个有箍筋和无箍筋拉拔试件,通过拉拔试验得到了试件开始滑移及破坏时的拉拔力;回归了黏结折减系数与锈蚀率之间的关系式,并将其融入到预应力混凝土梁的抗弯承载力分析模型中,提出了考虑黏结性退化的锈蚀预应力混凝土梁抗弯承载力计算方法。试验结果表明：有箍筋试件的黏结强度大于无箍筋试件;随着钢绞线锈蚀水平的增大,箍筋对黏结强度退化的约束作用逐渐减小;黏结折减系数随锈蚀率的增加呈指数函数规律递减。将理论值与本文及已有文献中锈蚀预应力混凝土梁抗弯性能试验结果进行了比较,计算结果表明本方法预测精度较高,最大误差在6%以内,验证了本抗弯承载力计算方法的适用性,可为服役预应力混凝土桥梁抗弯承载力评估提供参考。     

两种电压模式下GIS内部异物动态特性研究

异物是引发GIS设备内部击穿故障最主要的原因之一,运行电压下GIS设备内部异物受电场力作用发生随机运动,现场检测难以确定内部异物的特征。本文针对GIS设备内部异物开展力学特性分析,建立126 kV GIS等效模型,并仿真比对交流电压及脉冲电压作用下GIS内部异物的动态轨迹。研究结果表明交流电压下GIS设备内部异物颗粒的跳动轨迹呈现无规律特征,施加特定脉冲电压条件作用时,GIS内部异物跳动规律可控,其跳动高度及时间间隔基本一致。     

电厂屏式过热器弯头开裂原因失效分析

通过外观检查、硬度、金相等检测方法,从金属管壁超温运行、蒸汽侧氧化行为、析出相及冷弯变形对组织性能影响等方面分析了某电厂1 000 MW超超临界机组屏式过热器弯头开裂原因,得出TP347HFG弯头开裂的主要原因是弯头组织富含较多的σ相、NbC等硬脆析出相,同时冷弯加工导致管子内部产生残余应力,加剧了弯头脆性开裂的倾向。     

磷矿浆催化氧化湿法脱硝研究

采用液相催化氧化NO_x的方法,通过磷矿浆中过渡金属离子的催化作用,达到净化电厂烟气中NO的目的。考察了烟气含氧量、吸收温度、磷矿浆固液比及气体流量对磷矿浆湿法脱硝的影响。结果表明,试验最佳条件为NO进口质量浓度670 mg/m~3、磷矿浆吸收温度25℃、固液比500 g/L、流量0.3 L/min、含氧量20%;优化条件下的磷矿浆脱除效率最高可达88.9%。随着磷矿浆湿法催化氧化脱硝反应的进行,p H值不断下降,导致磷矿浆逐渐失效,需补入新鲜矿浆,维持吸收液的p H值以保证良好脱硝率。