土壤及铁锰结核中锰氧化菌的氧化特性分析

利用从土壤铁锰结核及其附近土壤中分离筛选得到的4株锰氧化菌,研究了不同pH、Mn(Ⅱ)初始浓度下菌株的锰氧化效率及生长情况,并用SEM-EDS及TEM对菌株WHS26、GY16形成的生物氧化锰及水羟锰矿进行了表征.结果表明,pH及Mn(Ⅱ)初始浓度对菌株的锰氧化效率均有影响,4株菌在pH 7~8、Mn(Ⅱ)初始浓度为10~20 mmol·L-1时,锰氧化效率最高;GY16、WHS26形成的生物氧化锰的形貌与化学合成的水羟锰矿存在明显差异,前者呈胶膜状附着在菌株表面,后者呈结晶态.该结果可为生物氧化锰应用于重金属污染修复提供技术支撑.     

关于气溶胶颗粒物沉积率系数平均方法模型的改进研究

气溶胶颗粒物在壁面的沉积率系数模型的研究已经成为现代气溶胶动力学研究的重要课题.本文通过实验腔测量和理论分析相结合,对Koivisto等(2012)提出的平均方法模型(AM)中的关键参数(即时间间隔)的选取和对测量数据量的要求两个问题进行研究.选取目前广泛使用的最小二乘法模型(LSM)和Lai和Nazaroff(2000)提出的理论分析模型进行对比.研究发现,AM模型中的时间间隔这一关键参数,应由目前的50矫正为20;AM模型和LSM模型均要求实验测量数据个数等于或者大于10,但是AM模型在小数据量情况下的预测结果更精确.     

一种智能化低频低压减载调度模型的研究

针对传统低频低压减载装置在电压、频率控制上的缺点,如无法判断有功、无功的缺额量,以及动作的延时性等问题,利用最优潮流(Optimal Power Flow,OPF)模型,通过系统仿真,提出智能低频低压减载调度模型,并验证了其可行性。结果表明:智能化低频低压减载策略及其模型能够使电网损失降到最小,同时达到系统频率、电压稳定的要求,具有全局性、前瞻性、主动性、快速性的控制优点。     

银川东换流站MRTB转换失败引起闭锁原因分析

针对银川东换流站金属回线转换开关(Metallic Return Transfer Breaker,MRTB)转换失败引起直流闭锁的问题,通过对 MRTB 动作顺序、避雷器击穿原因、银川东换流站和胶东换流站保护动作进行分析,提出了采用延时 90 s 开放逆变站金属回线接地保护使能信号的方法,解决在转化过程中由于 MRTB 重合造成保护误动的问题。应用结果表明:该方法可以有效避免直流闭锁,保证了直流系统可靠运行。     

铜-磺胺嘧啶复合胁迫对蔬菜种子发芽的急性毒性效应

研究了黄潮土中常用兽药磺胺嘧啶(SD)与重金属铜(Cu)单一及复合污染对小白菜和西红柿种子发芽(发芽率、根伸长、芽伸长)的影响,分析了土壤中药物浓度与作物生长抑制的剂量-效应关系及复合污染的毒性效应。结果表明,无论是在Cu或SD单一污染物作用下,根伸长和芽伸长抑制率与污染物浓度显著相关(P0.01),发芽抑制率与污染物浓度不相关(P0.05);污染物对根伸长及芽伸长的抑制高于对种子发芽的抑制;SD对2种作物的毒性效应明显强于Cu,SD对小白菜和西红柿根伸长的ID50(抑制率为50%时污染物浓度)分别为1.7和33.6 mg·kg~(-1),而Cu为273.6和457.7 mg·kg~(-1)。Cu-SD复合污染,对西红柿的根和芽伸长的拮抗作用显著(P0.01);但对小白菜来说,在低浓度Cu(100 mg·kg~(-1))作用下,二者的联合拮抗作用不显著(P0.05),随Cu的增加,拮抗作用显著(P0.01)。     

我国生物质气化发电行业综合风险评价

针对我国生物质气化发电行业的现状,总结诸多风险的影响因素,建立了我国生物质气化发电行业综合风险评价体系。该评价体系主要包括5个一级风险影响因素:市场风险、技术风险、安全风险、管理风险、环境风险,每个一级影响因素包括4个二级风险影响因素。由层次分析法获得各个一级影响因素和二级影响因素的权重值,根据所构建的评价集和评分标准,结合模糊综合评价法对我国生物质气化发电行业现状的综合风险等级做定量定性分析。综合风险评价研究结果表明,生物质气化发电行业处于"较高"的风险等级,与实际情况相符。综合风险评价体系的构建合理,所建立的评价方法以及相应对策分析可为决策者提供参考依据。     

基于Matlab分析的台阶式场地平整方案优化设计

在某市餐厨垃圾处理厂场地平整设计中,利用Matlab软件对台阶式场地平整方案进行优化设计,即在Auto CAD环境下用等高线法计算各级台阶的土方量,用Matlab软件拟合出台阶设计高程和土方量的函数关系式,在约束条件下求解,得到了最优设计高程和基于土方挖填平衡条件下场地平整的最小土方工程量,为工程总平面布置提供优化方案。其分析设计方法可为工业企业台阶式场地的总平面布置设计提供借鉴。     

Effects of water regime,crop residues,and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Biological soil disinfestation is an effective method to control soil-borne disease by flooding and incorporating with organic amendments, but field conditions and resources sometimes limited its practical application. A laboratory experiment was conducted to develop practice guidelines on controlling Fusarium wilt, a widespread banana disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). FOC infested soil incorporated with rice or maize straw at rates of 1.5 tons/ha and 3.0 tons/ha was incubated under flooded or water-saturated (100% water holding capacity) conditions at 30°C for 30 days. Results showed that FOC populations in the soils incorporated with either rice or maize straw rapidly reduced more than 90% in the first 15 days and then fluctuated till the end of incubation, while flooding alone without organic amendment reduced FOC populations slightly. The rapid and dramatic decrease of redox potential (down to − 350 mV) in straw-amended treatments implied that both anaerobic condition and strongly reductive soil condition would contribute to pathogen inactivation. Water-saturation combined with straw amendments had the comparable effects on reduction of FOC, indicating that flooding was not indispensable for inactivating FOC. There was no significant difference in the reduction of FOC observed in the straw amendments at between 1.5 and 3 tons/ha. Therefore, incorporating soil with straw (rice or maize straw) at a rate of 3.0 tons/ha under 100% water holding capacity or 1.5 tons/ha under flooding, would effectively alleviate banana Fusarium wilt caused by FOC after 15-day treating under 30°C.     

Formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts during chlor(am)ination of aquarium seawater

The chemistry associated with the disinfection of aquarium seawater is more complicated than that of freshwater, therefore limited information is available on the formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs) in marine aquaria. In this study, the effects of organic precursors, bromide(Br-) and pre-ozonation on the formation and speciation of several typical classes of DBPs, including trihalomethanes(THM4), haloacetic acids(HAAs),iodinated trihalomethanes(I-THMs), and haloacetamides(HAc Ams), were investigated during the chlorination/chloramination of aquarium seawater. Results indicate that with an increase in dissolved organic carbon concentration from 4.5 to 9.4 mg/L, the concentrations of THM4 and HAAs increased by 3.2–7.8 times under chlorination and by 1.1–2.3 times under chloramination. An increase in Br-concentration from 3 to 68 mg/L generally enhanced the formation of THM4, I-THMs and HAc Ams and increased the bromine substitution factors of all studied DBPs as well, whereas it impacted insignificantly on the yield of HAAs. Pre-ozonation with 1 mg/L O3 dose substantially reduced the formation of all studied DBPs in the subsequent chlorination and I-THMs in the subsequent chloramination. Because chloramination produces much lower amounts of DBPs than chlorination, it tends to be more suitable for disinfection of aquarium seawater.     

基于QSAR和ICE模型的磺胺类药物的水质基准研究

药物水环境污染是一个严重的环境问题,引起了人们越来越多的关注。磺胺类药物是一类广泛使用的药物。文章应用水质毒性快速检测仪测定一系列磺胺类药物的发光菌毒性,建立发光菌毒性QSAR模型,从而解决ICE模型的基准物种毒性数据缺失的问题。基于发光菌毒性测试和QSAR、ICE毒性估算方法获得更多毒性数据,初步推导了保护水生生物的磺胺类化合物的水质基准,并为建立更加具有生态统计学意义的物种敏感性分布(SSD)模型提供一定的数据支撑。同时,结合国内外水环境中磺胺类药物的暴露水平,对我国磺胺类药物的风险水平做了初步评估,其中磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺嘧啶和磺胺喹恶林的风险较高。