社会资本对生态补偿绩效的影响机制研究——以锡林郭勒盟草原生态补偿为例

通过对农户开展的问卷调查分析了锡林郭勒盟草原生态补偿绩效,结果表明生态补偿绩效不容乐观,农户感受到的生态环境状况仅有小幅度的改善,消除经济激励之后农户表现出较低的参与积极性.基于结构方程模型,以农户自我发展能力和生态保护能力为中介,构建社会资本对生态补偿绩效的影响机制模型.结果表明社会资本对经济效应表现出显著负影响;对生态效应表现出显著正影响.社会网络、普遍信任、机构信任、互助倾向和惩罚程度对于经济效应影响系数分别为-0.05、-0.05、-0.01、-0.06和-0.03;对于社会效应影响系数分别为0.11、0.10、0.03、0.12和0.06;对于生态效应影响系数分别为0.36、0.33、0.09、0.38和0.19.在社会资本5项维度中互助倾向反映度最高,机构信任最低,因子载荷分别为0.77和0.19.农户自我发展能力和生态保护能力在社会资本对生态补偿绩效影响中表现出显著中介作用.     

滇西北剑湖沉积物钒空间分布特征和生态风险

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）测定剑湖表层及柱状沉积物钒（V）含量,采用改进BCR连续提取法提取V各形态,并对V空间分布特征和生态风险进行了分析,揭示了粒度对剑湖沉积物V及形态含量的影响.结果表明,剑湖表层沉积物和柱状沉积物颗粒均以粉砂粒和细砂为主,细颗粒V含量更高.表层沉积物V含量为（117.82±63.31）mg/kg,其水平空间分布差异较大.V可交换态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态含量分别为（8.91±8.91）,（18.36±10.53）,（7.67±7.67）,（80.22±58.71）mg/kg,主要以残渣态形式存在,且黏粒和粉砂粒对V可还原态和残渣态影响较大.V垂直分布差异大,底层V含量高于表层,少部分区域受黏粒和粉砂粒影响.剑湖沉积物V污染程度小,大部分地区潜在生态风险较低,底层沉积物污染程度和潜在生态风险都高于表层.     

沈抚新城地下水中PAHs的污染特征及健康风险评价

为了保障浑河流域处于正在进行城镇化沈抚新城居民的生活用水安全,采集该地区49个地下水样品对16种US EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析,并对PAHs的污染水平、空间分布、来源与饮水健康风险进行了调查与评估.结果表明:49个采样点均有不同程度的PAHs检出,地下水中PAHs的浓度范围为(4.38~2 005.02 ng·L~(-1)),平均浓度值为(414.64±526.13) ng·L~(-1),与国内外其他地区地下水对比,处于较高污染水平.地下水中PAHs主要以3环和4环为主,其平均浓度分别为(190.93±238.96) ng·L~(-1)和(140.01±234.69) ng·L~(-1),两者占总PAHs含量的80%.枯水期的地下水中PAHs空间分布受土地利用类型影响较大,当表层土壤为耕地时,地下水PAHs浓度较大,而为林地时PAHs浓度较小.由主成分分析-多元线性回归结果得知,地下水中PAHs主要来源于汽油和天然气的不完全燃烧、煤炭燃烧、石油泄漏以及交通排放,其贡献率依次为36.26%、32.72%、28.17%和2.87%.不同人群通过饮用地下水暴露于PAHs的终生致癌风险ILCR值范围为5.55×10-10~5.65×10-6,其中13.60%的值处于10-6~10-4之间,具有潜在的癌症风险,需引起对地下水质量的关注.     

Morphology, composition, and sources of individual aerosol particles at a regional background site of the YRD, China

Aerosol samples were collected at Lin'an, a background site of Yangtze River Delta(YRD).Morphology, size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), and the soluble ions of PM_(1.0) were studied by aerosol mass spectrometer(AMS). The daily average AMS mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were about 5.8, 8.6, and 5.6 μg/m~3, respectively. Individual aerosol particles were classified into seven types: S-rich, K-rich, organic matter(OM), soot, fly ash, metal, and mineral. S-rich particles were dominant in all size bins, and 51%(by number) of S-rich particles were internally mixed with other particles. The fraction of organic coating particles was 13.7% in morning, 25.2% in afternoon, and 11% in evening, suggesting that the strong photochemical process during afternoon produced more secondary organic aerosols(SOA) on the surface of inorganic particles. Fly ash and metal particles were abundant during the day, suggesting the influence of emissions from coal-fired power plants and steel plants. The results indicate that the intense industrial emissions in the YRD significantly transported to the background areas. PM_(2.5) concentration may be lower in background air than in urban air but complex mixing state of aerosol particles indicates that the long-range transported particles substantially influenced the background air quality.     

Temporal variability of visibility and its parameterizations in Ningbo, China

Simultaneous and continuous measurements of visibility, meteorological parameters and air pollutants were carried out at a suburban site in Ningbo from June 1, 2013 to May 31,2015. The characteristics of visibility and their relationships with air pollutants and meteorological factors were investigated using multiple statistical methods. Daily visibility ranged from 0.6 to 34.1 km, with a mean value of 11.8 km. During the 2-year experiment,43.4% of daily visibility was found to be less than 10.0 km and only 9.2% was greater than 20.0 km. Visibility was lower in winter with a frequency of 53.4% in the range of 0.0–5.0 km.Annual visibility had an obvious diurnal variation, with the lowest and highest visibility being 7.5 km at approximately 06:00 local time and 15.6 km at approximately 14:00 local time, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis(MCA) indicated that the different ranges of visibility were significantly affected by different levels of pollutants and meteorological conditions. Based on the analyses, visibility was found to be an exponential function of PM_(2.5) concentrations within a certain range of relative humidity. Thus, nonlinear models combining multiple linear regressions with exponential regression were subsequently developed using the data collected from June 2014 to May 2015, and the data from June 2013 to May 2014 was used to evaluate the performance of the model. It was demonstrated that the derived models can quantitatively describe the relationships between visibility, air quality and meteorological parameters in Ningbo.     

Visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of bacteriophage f2 by Cu-TiO2 nanofibers in the presence of humic acid

Pathogenic viruses in drinking water are great threats to public health. Visible-light-driven photocatalysis is a promising technology for virus inactivation. However, the existing photocatalytic antiviral research studies have mostly been carried out in single-component systems, neglecting the effect of natural organic matter, which exists widely in actual water bodies. In this paper, electrospun Cu-TiO₂ nanofibers were prepared as photocatalysts, and their photocatalytic antiviral performance in the presence of humic acid (HA) was comprehensively studied for the first time. The properties of the reaction mixture were measured during the reaction. In addition, the safety, reliability and stability of photocatalytic disinfection in the mixed system were evaluated. The results showed that the virus removal efficiency decreased with the increase of the HA concentration. The type of reaction solution, such as PBS buffer solution or water, did not affect the removal efficiency noticeably. Under acidic conditions, the electrostatic forces between photocatalysts and viruses were strengthened, leading to higher virus removal efficiency. As the reaction time went on, the pH value in the solution increased first and then tended to be stable, the conductivity remained stable, and the dissolved oxygen increased first and then decreased. The safety test showed that the concentration of Cu ions released into the solution was lower than specified by the international standards. No photoreactivation was observed, and the addition of HA significantly reduced the reutilization efficiency of the photocatalysts.     

水泥-电力行业的产业共生网络构建及区域案例研究

水泥工业作为工业生态系统的汇,能够多样化地利用其他行业的副产物,这种典型的产业共生模式可以通过减少资源和能源的消耗带来显著的CO₂减排效果.由于产业共生在水泥行业具有一定的普遍性及巨大的CO₂减排潜力,所以对水泥工业产业共生现状的了解与分析就显得尤为重要;而通过对产业共生现状的全面了解,才能对现有水泥行业产业共生的程度进行分析,并以此为参照,对未来不同政策与情景下的CO₂减排潜力进行量化与评估.为实现对产业共生实际情况的模拟,以水泥-电力行业的产业共生为例,采用最优化的方法,提出了一套基于一般统计数据来模拟产业共生实际情况的系统方法,将技术、经济与政策3类不同的决策变量影响纳入模型,以模拟出最接近真实情景的产业共生情况.为验证模型的有效性,对新乡市水泥-电力行业实际的产业共生情况进行分析.结果表明:新乡市水泥-电力行业间存在普遍的产业共生现象,实地调查中有77.8%（21家）的水泥制造企业利用粉煤灰作为水泥制造的原材料.将一般统计数据与实地调查数据对比发现,一般统计数据能较好地反映企业实际物质投入产出情况;利用一般统计数据,模型对新乡市产业共生网络结构模拟的准确率高达92.6%,显示该模型能较为有效地对产业共生的实际情况进行模拟.      

LED3A土柱淋洗Pb与Zn污染砂土的效果

为探究不同淋洗方式下螯合型表面活性剂LED3A（N-十二酰基乙二胺三乙酸钠盐）对重金属污染土壤的淋洗效果,采用室内土柱淋洗法研究了LED3A在不同流速条件下对Pb、Zn单一污染砂土的淋洗效果,并通过优化的BCR法分析了淋洗前、后土柱中不同深度处Pb、Zn的形态变化特征.结果表明:LED3A对Pb、Zn单一污染砂土的淋洗规律基本类似,淋出液中ρ（Pb）、ρ（Zn）随淋洗液累积孔隙体积数目的增加呈现急剧增大、达到峰值后逐渐降低的趋势;Pb、Zn的淋洗曲线中均存在不同程度的拖尾现象,且对称性较差;淋出液中ρ（Pb）、ρ（Zn）峰值和Pb、Zn最大累积去除率均随流速的增大而减小.随着淋洗深度和流速的增加,各形态Pb、Zn的去除率均呈现减小的趋势,LED3A对酸可提取态Pb、Zn的去除效果最为显著,去除率均大于50%;对氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态Pb、Zn的去除率大小顺序与淋洗深度和流速有关;对比淋洗前、后土柱中重金属的形态分布可知,最易释放和被生物利用的酸可提取态的占比明显减少,不易或不能被生物利用的氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态的占比明显增加.研究显示,LED3A低流速淋洗不仅能够去除一定量的土壤重金属,同时可有效降低残留重金属对环境的潜在风险.      

移民搬迁是否加剧了山区耕地撂荒?——基于陕南三市1578户农户面板数据

山区移民搬迁是否加剧耕地撂荒关系到移民稳定性及国家粮食安全,具有重要的研究价值。基于陕西省南部地区商洛、安康、汉中3市8县（区）1578户农户调查数据,运用面板Logit和Tobit模型回归得出,移民年数对是否撂荒、撂荒面积及撂荒耕地占比在1%的水平上有正向影响;仅当移民距离超过0.5 km时,农户耕地撂荒面积及撂荒耕地占比显著增加;不同移民类型中,工程移民对耕地撂荒的影响程度最大,避灾移民影响程度最小;另外,户主特征、家庭特征、资源禀赋特征、农地流转特征显著影响了农户的耕地撂荒行为。可以得出,移民搬迁加剧了山区耕地撂荒,城镇生活的转变及务农时间机会成本的增加是耕地撂荒的主要原因。建议政府对工程移民农户进行有土安置,加大生态移民区退耕还林支持力度,扶持扶贫、避灾移民农户发展特色产业,加快农地流转信息平台建设。     

OBIA与RF结合的龙口市土地利用信息提取方法

为提高中分辨率遥感影像解译精度,本文提出面向对象影像分析（Object Based Image Analysis,OBIA）与随机森林（Random Forest,RF）结合的土地利用信息提取方法。采用Landsat 8 OLI影像,针对不同地物特点,阈值分割和多尺度分割结合创建影像对象,规则集和分类器协同分类,基于Relief F算法分别对光谱特征、纹理特征及所有特征降维筛选特征子集,并与全部特征一起应用RF建模,对龙口市进行土地利用信息提取与比较。结果表明：OBIA与RF结合提取土地利用信息,基于Relief F算法筛选纹理特征,保留完整光谱、几何、空间关系特征构建RF模型,建模错分率为0.0958,分类总体精度和Kappa系数分别为89.37%和0.872,取得较理想结果。该方法可应用于中分辨率遥感影像土地利用信息提取。